The size of atom decreases from left to right in a period ,but why the size of atom of nobel gases are more than that of the atom of the elements...

As we move from left to right in a period, the number of
shells of the atom of every element remains same, but the number of electrons in the
outermost shell and the number of protons goes on increasing. This causes an increases
in the nuclear force, which brings the elctrons slightly closer to the nucleus, thereby
reducing the atomic radius and size of the atom.

Now when
we reach the noble gases, their atoms contain 2 (Helium) or 8 (all others) electrons in
the outermost shell. Due to such a high amount of electrons in the outermost shell, the
electrons develop a repulsive force among each other. This repulsive force overcomes the
increased nuclear force, causing the electrons to move away from each other, effective
increasing the atomic radius and atomic size. Hence, due to the force of repulsion
between the valence electrons, the atomic size of atoms of noble gases is slightly
greater than the size of the atoms of the elements immediately left of it in the
periodic table.

Is Beneatha a believable character, or is she a stereotype in Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun?

I think that one of the fundamental issues coming out of
this question has to consider the time period of the work.  Hansberry writes her work at
a time when women were not able to fully assert their own identity and actively embody
their own sense of freedom and choice.  In this, women were seen as having to conform to
a patriarchal notion of the good.  To this end, I don't see how Beneatha can be seen as
a stereotype.  She is shown to be a very headstrong woman, who is able to exercise her
own freedom in her choices and the identity that she wishes to embrace.  This is fluid
over the course of the play, and even reflects a lack of complete totality in her
choices.  In this, Beneatha is radical because she is a woman who will define herself
and not allow others to do so.  This might be stereotypical by modern standards.  Yet,
this could not be seen as stereotypical of women during the time period.  Beneatha is a
character that is one who cannot fit into any box.  She is conscious of this, and in the
process, she really does not embody the stereotypical notion of
women.

What effect does Madame Defarge have on Lucie when the Defarges visit Lucie's apartment?Charles Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities

In Book the Third of A Tale of Two
Cities, Lucie arrives in Paris and Mr. Lorry decides that she must stay in an
apartment so as to not compromise Tellson's Bank as haboring the wife of a prisoner of
LaForce.  When Defarge brings a note for Mr. Lorry from Dr. Manette, Mr. Lorry takes
Lucie and her child with him.  The Defarges accompany him, with Madame Defarge insisting
that she be able to recognize their faces for "their
safety." 

When they arrive at the apartment, Lucie is
alone, crying.  Lucie mistakenly believes thatMadame Defarge, who
symbolically recommences her kinitting, is an angel of mercy.  Kissing "the hand that
knits," she begs her to be merciful to her husband, yet there is so much coldness in the
hand that she kisses that Lucie is given "a check."  Madame Defarge's only reply to
Lucie is an impassive stare and these words, “is it likely that the trouble of one wife
and mother would be much to us now?”

After the Defarges
leave, Lucie says, “That dreadful woman seems to have thrown a shadow on me and on all
my hopes.” And, although Mr. Lorry tries to reassure Lucie,“in his secret mind,” he is
extremely worried. Certainly, it is at this crucial point in the plot that the sinister
Madame Defarge has virtually invaded Lucie's psychological space as well as her physical
space.  For, not only has she ascertained where Lucie dwells, Madame Defarge also has
caused Lucie great consternation and discomfiture.

What are psychotic symptoms of Schizophreniform Disorder?

The main symptoms of Schizophreniform Disorder
are

1. Delusion

2.
Hallucinations

3. Disorganised speech resulting from formal
thought disorder

4. Disorganised or catatonic behaviour,
and negative symptoms such as

* an inability to show
emotion

* an inability to experience
pleasure

* impaired or decreased
speech

* a lack of desire to form
relationships

* a lack of
motivation

Who wounds a boar, sticking his spear into its snout in Lord of the Flies?

The boys go in search of the beast. They find signs of a
pig along the way. A wild boar comes rushing at them. Ralph wounds the boar. He throws
his spear. His spear injures the boar's snout. For the moment, Ralph is thrilled with
the hunt. He keeps repeating that he hit the snout of the
boar.

No one seems to be paying attention to Ralph. Jack
tries to take the attention away from Ralph by repeatedly mentioning that he himself has
been injured by the boar. The boar's tusks injure Jack. He becomes the center of
attention, indicating there is something heroic about being injured by the
boar.

Ralph finally gives up trying to get someone to
praise him for hitting the boar's snout with his spear. It is all fun and games to the
boys. Ralph and Jack are rivals. In chapter seven, they both compete for attention. Jack
seems to be winning, even though it was Ralph who hit the boar's snout with his
spear:

Jack
and Ralph compete briefly for attention from the hunters, and Jack wins it when he shows
them a gash on his arm he claims the boar left with its tusks. Ralph tries again to get
their attention by showing how he threw his
spear.

What is Guy Montag's view on censorship in Fahrenheit 451?

Montag began his life's work of censorship blindly. His
father had been a fireman (one who burns books, not necessarily saves lives), and so had
his grandfather. Being a censor was just what Montags did. However, he did not realize
what they were actually doing until the night when he saw a woman willing to die with
her books. In that moment he must have come to understand that there is something
valuable in books if not having them was worse than
death.

Viewing this type of suicide brought out a piece of
humanity in Montag that he may not have known that he had. From this point on, Montag
begins a process that moves him from not just believing that censoring is wrong, but it
is worth fighting against. Upon meeting Faber, Montag began to learn what books
contained - thought, power, encouragements to act, and leisure. These were qualities he
had never really valued before, but they began to become human attributes worth
obtaining. He therefore begins a quest to frame the other firemen and overthrow the
establishment, but this never really happens. By the end of the book, Montag maintains
his belief that censorship has robbed the society of human emotion and joins a band of
vagabonds who share similar beliefs.

What is the irony of Jack wanting to have rules in Lord of the Flies?

Jack's leadership style is that of a tyrant. So, the idea
of him wanting rules does seem a little strange. Here are the words that demosntrate
Jack making his request. There are some clues in his tone and his
thoughts:

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“We’ll have rules!” he cried
excitedly. “Lots of rules! Then when anyone breaks
’em–"

Jack seemed to look
forward to the opportunity to punish others. This must have been exciting to him. He
must have a violent streak in him.

This violent streak is
already apparent in his struggle to deal with the present authority in Ralph. Jack
himself does not want to be bound to or accountable to another man. The person who is
not willing to submit to a higher authority is often not willing to obey rules.
Therefore, it is ironic that Jack would be excited about them.

Please explain these lines from The Rape of the Lock: "Oh hadst thou, cruel! Been content to seize hairs less in sight, or any hairs but these!"

These last two lines of Canto Four resemble a huge
rhetorical "WHY?" or "If only..." uttered plaintively in the wake of the serial
mock-disaster caused by the snipping of a lock of hair.  After the epic battle between
the sylph and fairy armies of Belinda and Lord Petrie, the bloodshed, the family feud,
and the "rape" of Belinda's appearance, these lines are cast up to further the satire of
Pope's poem.

None of this would have happened, if the piece
of hair had not been so noticeable.  If Belinda's beauty had not been altered, if her
appearance were not in peril, this whole catastrophe could have been avoided.  The
obvious irony here is that it should have been avoided anyway.  A small piece of hair
raised to such epic proportions illuminates the vanity and trivial pursuits of the
society. 

How does Harper Lee use irony to make fun of Miss Caroline’s teaching in To Kill a Mockingbird?

Although Scout's first-grade teacher, Miss Caroline
Fisher, is fresh out of college and well-educated in the newest educational trends,
author Harper Lee nevertheless creates the impression that she is the one who still
needs to be taught how to handle the children in her classroom. She proudly details her
upbringing in Northern Alabama, not realizing that the children (and their parents) have
little respect for people from this region. She overdresses on the first day of school,
appearing to Scout like "a peppermint drop." Her first story, about a cat, bores the
children who "were immune to imaginative literature."

Miss
Caroline then objects to Scout's advanced learning, telling her that she would "undo the
damage" and suggests that Atticus--probably the most intelligent and learned man in
town--"does not know how to teach." When she attempts to punish Scout by lightly
whipping her with a ruler, the class explodes in laughter; her attempt to discipline
instead has the opposite effect. Miss Caroline's troubles continue: She unknowingly
insults Walter Cunningham Jr. by offering him lunch money; she is cursed by Burris Ewell
when she demands that he bathe before coming back to school; and she poorly handles her
first experience with head lice. By the end of the day, it is the class who attempts to
comfort Miss Caroline, who is reduced to tears by the events of the
day.

Harper Lee's contempt for modern education is evident
throughout the story, beginning with the knowledge that Atticus has home-schooled
himself as a youngster. She deliberately has Jem misidentify the "Dewey Decimal System,"
and, later in the novel, condemns Scout's teacher, Miss Gates, for her hypocritical
views of Jews and Negroes.

What are some examples of the coexistence of good and evil in To Kill A Mockingbird?

Although most characters in To Kill a
Mockingbird are clearly on the side of good (Atticus, Miss Maudie) or evil
(Bob Ewell), a few are conflicted in their
morality:

• Walter Cunningham,
  Sr.: once a member of a lynch mob that sought vigilante justice against
  Tom, Walter, Sr. became a more tolerant and empathetic man by the end of the
  novel.


• Mrs. Dubose: once the
  vitriolic berater of children, Mrs. Dubose showed great courage in battling her morphine
  addiction


• Aunt Alexandra:
  once a champion of Southern Aristocratic debutante values, Aunt Alexandra is more
  accepting and open-minded once the trial begins and she sees the effects of racism on
  her family

Even a few
institutions are places where good and evil
coexist:

• Scout's
  school: Miss Fisher tries to teach the class to read while--at the same
  time--telling Scout she learned to read all wrong.
  


• Maycomb County Courthouse:
  Atticus' closing statement urges equality for all.  Judge Taylor is an
  honorable man, but the antics of Mr. Gilmer, Mayella and Bob Ewell reveal that no real
  justice can befit Tom Robinson

what is the origin of the pythagorian theorem?

We'll start from the fact that if we'll construct a square
whose one side lies on the hypotenuse of a right angle triangle, we'll notice that the
area of this square is equal to the sum of areas of the squares whose one side lies on
each leg of this triangle.

If we'll note the length of
hypotenuse as`` z, the area of the square is `z^(2)`.

If
the lengths of the legs are x and y, therefore the areas of the squares are `x^(2)` and
`y^(2)` .

Therefore, according to Pyhtagorean theorem,
we'll  get:

`x^(2)` + `y^(2)` =
`z^(2)`

Calculate percent composition of ethanol .

To determine the percent composition of ethanol, we need
to determine the weight of each element from ethanol.

We'll
write the chemical formula of ethanol: C2H5OH.

To calculate
the weight of each element, we need to know how many moles of each element ethanol has.
This thing could be easy determined just looking at the subscripts of each constituent
element. Therefore ethanol has : 2 mols of carbon, 1 mole of oxygen and 6 mols of
hydrogen.

We'll calculate the mass of these
elements:

Mass of carbon: 2 mols* 12.01g/mol = 24.02
grams

Mass of oxygen: 1mol*16g/mol = 16
grams

Mass of hydrogen: 6 moles*1.01 g/mol = 6.06
grams

Now, we'll add the results to determine the mass of 1
mol of ethanol:

Mass of C2H5OH = 24.02 + 16 + 6.06 = 46.08
g

Now, we'll determine the percent composition of each
element:

mass percent of C: (24.02/46.08)*100% =
52.14%

mass percent of O: (16/46.08)*100% =
34.77%

mass percent of H: (6.06/46.08)*100% =
13.15%

The requested mass percents are:
52.14% ; 34.77% ; 13.15%.

In The Scarlet Letter, what does the footpath symbolize?Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter

In Christian-based literature, such as Dante's
Divine Comedy, there is a long tradition of the pathway as the
transition of the soul through life, or as the metaphorical direction that the soul
takes.  For the Puritans of Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, a novel
that opens with the first chapter entitled "The Prison Door" the footpath that leads to
the forest primeval is a dangerous path away from the stringent course of Puritanism. 
It is, in fact, a path to temptation as the dark forest at its end is where the black
mass is performed and where such witches as Mistress Higgins
congregate.

Ironically, in Chapter 16 it is Hester, the
acknowledged sinner of the community, who guides both Pearl and the Reverend Dimmesdale
along this path.  For, she recognizes the dangers of the path.  In this passage, for
instance, there are many similarities to Hester's life that is fraught with difficulties
in the "moral wilderness" in which she has wandered:

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The trees impending over it had flung down great
branches, from time to time, which choked up the current, and compelled it to form
eddies and black depths at some points; while, in its swifter and livelier passages,
there appeared a channel-way of pebbles, and brown, sparkling
sand.

For the child Pearl and
the Reverend Dimmesdale, the footpath also represents the moral wilderness.  While Pearl
delights in the babbling brook, she is disconcerted by her mother's removal of the
scarlet letter as she has not yet found her own identity and can only feel secure
attached to the scarlet A. Similarly, Dimmesdale yet wanders in a
wilderness as his secret sin haunts him and he must feign an identity to the community
that is not truly his as even in "the intense seclusion" of the path of the forest he
holds his hand over his heart.

What do the Mirabal sisters learn about their father in the opening chapters of In the Time of the Butterflies?

Are you refering to the discovery that they make regarding
their father's infidelity and the way that they have a number of half sisters? If so,
this is a discovery that Minerva makes in Chapter Six of this excellent novel, as she
notices four girls who always come out whenever she drives the family car past their
house. Note how Minerva describes them:

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I studied them. There were three that ran to the
road whenever they heard the car, a fourth one sometimes came in the arms of the oldest.
Four girls, I checked, three in panties, and the baby naked. One time, I stopped at the
side of the road and stared at their Mirabal eyes. "Who is your father?" I asked point
blank.

Minerva thus discovers
the existence of her half-sisters and also the fact of her father's infidelity. What
upsets her most of all, of course, is the way that her father has not provided for his
other children, not even making sure that they receive an education. It is important to
note that this discovery also comes at a time when Minerva is facing her own struggles
of wanting to go to university and to leave home.

What are some of the most used properties of real numbers.

You have asked too many questions at the same time. I have
edited your question as you are allowed to ask only one
question.

Some of the properties of real numbers
are:

Commutative properties: This applies to addition and
multiplication and states that for two real numbers a and b, a + b = b + a and a*b =
b*a

Associative properties: This states that for three real
numbers a, b and c, (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) and (a*b)*c =
(a*(b*c)

Distributive property: This states that
for three real numbers a, b and c, a*(b + c) = a*b +
a*c

Density property: This states that for any
two real numbers it is possible to find another real number that lies between the two.
Put another way, there are an infinite number of real numbers.

Identity properties: For any number a, a + 0 = a, a is
called the additive identity. Similarly for multiplication a*1 = a, 1 is the
multiplicative identity.

What is a specific detail about the setting in Gathering Blue?

You might want to consider the description we are given of
the community of which Kira is a part, and the way that it features elements that are
both pre- and post-Ruin. This helps to present us with the post-apocalyptic setting that
the novel presents us with. Although the precise nature of the Ruin is never specified,
it is clear that we can link it to some kind of nuclear or environmental disaster that
returned civilisation to its primitive roots. Note how the following quote describes
Kira's community:

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Very little had survived the Ruin, but somehow
the structure called the Council Edifice had remained standing and firm. It was
immeasurably old. Several windows still contained patterned glass of deep reds and
golds, amazing things, for knowledge of the way of making such remarkable glass had been
lost. Some remaining windows, ones in which the colored glass had shattered, were now
paned in a thick, ordinary glass that distorted the view through bubbles and ripples.
Other windows were simply boarded over, and parts of the building's interior were darkly
shadowed. Still, the Edifice was magnificent in comparison to the ordinary sheds and
cottages of the village.

Note
the way that this description makes clear the way that so much knowledge and technology
has been lost. The old church building that is now the Council Edifice boasts forgotten
knowledge through its stained glass windows, and stands in contrast to the "ordinary
sheds and cottages" that the majority of the people in the village live in. This is yet
another detail that the author gives us of the setting that points to the cataclysmic
nature of the Ruin and the way that we are presented with some grim vision of the
future.

In The Miracle Worker, please explain what Keller, Aunt Ev and Kate are talking about when they speak of writing in Act One.

Let us remember that as the play opens we are introduced
to a family that has tried every possible contact to look for somebody who can help
Helen with her condition and also assist them in supporting Helen. Now, it is clear from
this opening scene that Keller has reached a point where he has had too many
disappointments, and has decided that it is wiser to accept what he thinks is the
inevitable, and that Helen can never be helped. This of course brings him into conflict
with Kate and Aunt Ev, who still maintain hope that somebody could be found who could
help Helen. Thus when they talk of a famous oculist in Baltimore, and Aunt Ev asks
Keller why he doesn't write to him, note how Keller
responds:

I've
stopped believing in wonders... The child's been to specialists all over Alabama and
Tennessee, if I thought it would do good I'd have her to every fool doctor in the
country.

Then, after this, he
says to his wife a very revealing comment:

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Katie. How many times can you let them break your
heart?

Keller, it is clear,
has reached the limit of what he can cope with in terms of having yet another false hope
that is doomed to be crushed. Thus the context of the opening scene refers to writing to
another specialist who they hope can help Helen.

Describe the main character in "Lamb to the Slaughter."

Roald Dahl shows his great creative talent in making Mary
Maloney the wife of a policeman. She has learned a great deal about how  police think
and operate, and this knowledge helps her commit the perfect crime. Furthermore, the
fact that the police regard Patrick Maloney as "one of ours" brings many more
investigators to the scene of the crime than would have otherwise been the case. They
stay longer, too, because they are intent on solving this crime. And with many men
working late in her house, Mary has no trouble disposing of the murder weapon by feeding
it to the investigators. Ordinarily these policemen would not have sat down to a meal in
a victim's home, but they decide it is okay in this case because Mary, as a cop's wife,
is also "one of ours."

Mary is described as a very simple,
domestic woman who is devoted to her husband.

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For her, this was always a blissful time of day.
She knew he didn't want to speak much until the first drink was finished, and she, on
her side, was content to sit quietly, enjoying his company after the long hours alone in
the house. She loved to luxuriate in the presence of this man, and to feel--almost as a
sunbather feels the sun--that warm male glow that came out of him to her when they were
alone together. She loved him for the way he sat loosely in a chair, for the way he came
in a door, or moved slowly across the room with long strides. She loved the intent, far
look in his eyes when they rested on her, the funny shape of the mouth, and especially
the way he remained silent about his tiredness, sitting still with himself until the
whisky had taken some of it
away.

Her loving devotion
will stand her in good stead after the murder because no one will suspect that such a
loving, devoted wife could commit such a crime. This excessive love, however, is the
reason Patrick wants a divorce. She is too loving, too possessive, too concerned about
his comfort. She is a nurturing, motherly type of woman, but her mothering is
suffocating her husband. She is six months pregnant, and no doubt she would have
transferred some of her mothering to her baby and given her husband some breathing room.
Perhaps Patrick would have been wise to put up with her over-attentiveness for just a
few more months. It is not at all uncommon for women to transfer their affections to
their babies, which is exactly why nature has given most of them these nurturing
instincts.

Mary thinks that by waiting on her husband like
a slave and by taking such a strong interest in everything he says and does, she will be
able to retain his affection. But she is doing just the opposite of what she intends.
Dahl deliberately refrains from quoting exactly what Patrick tells his wife when he
informs her that he wants a divorce, but the main reason must be that he is sick and
tired of their suffocating relationship.

Dahl did not want
to indicate, for example, that Patrick was having an affair with another woman. That
could be found out and would suggest a strong motive for Mary to have killed him. Dahl
characterizes Mary through her dialogue and actions, while at the same time illustrating
what it is about her that makes Patrick want to escape from her. She says such things
as:

"Tired,
darling?

"I'll get it!" she cried, jumping
up.

"Darling, shall I get your
slippers?"

"Darling," she said. "Would you like me to get
you some cheese?"

"But, darling, you must
eat!"

We like Mary better
after she stops being a doormat and plans the perfect crime.

when walking, why do cats walk diagonally across one's path both on a staircase and on level ground?

I don't believe anyone has done a scientific study on this
matter, but as the owner of three cats, I certainly do recognize the phenomenon you are
asking about!

Horses, deer, and other grazing animals
typically have eyes located on opposite sides of their skulls, an arrangement which
means that, while they have virtually no depth perception, they do have a very wide
field of view and can see almost all the way around themselves without having to move
their heads or roll their eyes to do so.

By contrast, cats
and other predator animals have their eyes located in the front of their skull like
humans do. This allows for good depth perception, which is essential for pouncing upon
or manipulating things. The trade off for good depth perception is a narrower field of
vision. Humans have a field of vision of about 180 degrees. Cats, because their eyes sit
farther forward in the sockets, can see a bit further to the sides, so their field of
vision is around 200 degrees. This means that there is a 160 degree field behind them
that they cannot see without moving their heads. Cats, like most hunters, tend to be
very attuned to what is going on around them. I believe they walk diagonally so they can
more easily keep track of what's happening behind them. Most house cats have learned the
hard way to watch out for human feet.

In "Dusk," what type of character does Norman Gortsby have?

The article on Saki in Wikipedia states: "Politically,
Munro was a Tory and somewhat reactionary in his views." It gives as a reference an
essay by Dominic Hibberd in the Oxford Dictionary of National
Biography. This helps clarify the meaning of the story "Dusk" and the
characterization of Norman Gortsby. The young con man who sits beside Gortsby on the
park bench and the elderly gentleman who "lost" the soap are "flat" characters. Only
Norman is a "round" character, and the story is about his learning experience.

Gortsby is not an educated gentleman but a naive young
clerical type who has probably been working all day in some office and is relaxing on a
park bench before going home. He is observing the "defeated" people who only come out in
the dusk. Gortsby thinks of them as

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Men and women, who had fought and lost, who hid
their fallen fortunes and dead hopes as far as possible from the scrutiiny of the
curious. . .

When the young
man sits beside him and tells his complicated story about losing his hotel, Gortsby
listens skeptically. It would appear that he has no intention of giving the stranger
money regardless of whether or not he is telling the truth. He says
bluntly:

"Of
course, the weak point of your story is that you can't produce the
soap."

The young man departs
muttering angrily, "I must have lost it." There is nothing sympathetic about this con
man. When he sits down

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As if to emphasize the fact that the world went
badly with him the new-comer unburdened himself of an angry and very audible expletive
as he flung himself into the
seat.

He is angry when he
sits down and angry when he leaves. And when Gortsby chases him down to give him a
sovereign and the cake of soap:

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He turned round sharply with an air of defensive
hostility when he found Gortsby hailing
him.

This young man wouldn't
give anybody a sovereign, or even a shilling. That is part of the
message.

Gortsby is portrayed as a young urbanite who
thinks himself sophisticated. He has no sympathy for any of the "defeated" people he
observes and none for the young man who sits down beside him. But then he finds the cake
of soap on the ground and he  feels ashamed of himself. He was in a bad mood and
naturally was regarding the people around him with a jaundiced attitude. He feels shame,
guilt, and remorse as he hurries to catch up with the young man. He is lending him the
money he needs because he wants to feel better about himself. He
wants to change, to atone, to be more humane, to be more
Christian.

Then when he passes by the bench where he had
been sitting and encounters the elderly gentleman looking for the cake of soap, Gortsby
realizes he has been a sucker. That is the point of Saki's story. Saki is a Tory and a
reactionary. As such, he feels that people should take care of themselves and that if
they can't, then they should perish. This is a dog-eat-dog world in which the species is
improved through survival of the fittest. That is the lesson Saki is teaching through
the painful learning experience of his viewpoint character Norman
Gortsby.

It seems possible that even the elderly gentleman
is a con man who left the cake of soap by the bench intending to come back and use it as
an excuse to start a conversatioin with Gortsby--but Gortsby had found the soap and had
chased after the other con man. This would suggest that Saki's thesis is that you can't
feel sorry for anybody and you can't trust anybody. Gortsby's experience dramatizes the
reactionary message.

Describe the fall of the Communist Bloc in Eastern Europe and especially in the Soviet Union.

The "communist bloc in eastern Europe" came into existence
after World War II as the Soviet Union expanded its sphere of influence into the
countries of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania.  This
expansion of communist governmental and economic philosophies was viewed as
self-protection by the Soviets and as unwarranted aggression by western Europe and its
allies. Over the years, incidents of intense conflict (the construction of the Berlin
Wall, the Cuban missile crisis) occurred, as did periods of comparatively peaceful
coexistence (partial nuclear test ban treaty in 1963, SALT I agreement banning
construction of new ballistic armaments).

As the 1980's
drew to a close, the Soviet Union was facing serious economic challenges within its own
country and was unable to continue sustaining the level of involvement and support it
had been providing to bloc allies. Soviet Prime Minister Mikhail Gorbachev began reform
movements ("perestroika," or reconstruction and "glastnost," or openness) "emphasizing
global interdependence and cooperation and the avoidance of force in the conduct of
foreign policy," with the goal of reviving the Soviet economy and helping the countries
of eastern Europe to find more support from the western world. He negotiated the end to
many of the Soviet Union's former efforts to test, build and maintain weapons arsenals
and put an end to the "Brezhnev Doctrine," which had been used to justify the use of
troops to keep communist governments in power in communist bloc countries. Once this
practice ended, communist bloc countries began to overthrow their communist governments
and broke away from the partnership with the Soviet Union. The varied republics within
the Soviet Union continued to rebellion from the centralized control of the past and
ended the USSR union in 1991, declaring themselves separate and independent
countries.

What is the role of NAD in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

Pyruvate is a three carbon molecule produced by the
splitting of glucose in the cytoplasm of a cell. Under aerobic conditions, the pyruvate
enters the mitochondria, where is it modified by a three-part enzyme complex known as
pyruvate dehydrogenase. The pyruvate is converted into the two carbon molecule called
acetyl Co-A by removal of one carbon, which is joined to an oxygen molecule to form a
molecule of carbon dioxide. The NAD+ receives a electron which is freed during this step
of the reaction, becoming NADH. (NAD+ has an H+ ion bound to it, which is where the
electron attaches, hence the name change from NAD to NADH - the H was there the whole
time.) The NADH then shuttles the electrons to the electron transport chain, where their
energy is harvested by the cell; the electrons eventually are used to reduce O2 to
create water. When the NADH gives the electron to the transport chain, it becomes NAD+
once again, and is reused; it may help you to think of NAD's role as that of a simple
transport vehicle.

In the book little women, who are the dynamic, static, round, & flat characters with evidence from the book. CANT FIND IT!i finished the book and...

First it's important to understand the definitions of
dynamic, static, round, and flat characters.  Let's look at that
first.

I usually tend to think of static characters and
flat characters as the same thing.  These are characters who don't change thoughout the
story.  If they're good at the beginning of the story, they are good at the end.  If
they are bad, at the beginning, they are bad at the end.  If they hold a certain idea at
the beginning, they still continue to hold that idea at the end of the book. This
doesn't mean that flat characters are not interesting, it just means that they are more
like a painting - always the same- rather than a movie -ever
changing.

In Little Women, some
examples of flat characters of static characters would be the girls' mother, Marmee. 
Marmee's ideas are thouroughly grounded and you don't see her being wishy-washy about
what she thinks and does.  Another example would be Professor
Bhaer.

Round or dynamic characters, on the other hand are
those characters whose opinions do change throughout the course of the novel or story. 
The characters change either by the experiences they have and what they have learned
from them.

Jo is a perfect example of a round or dynamic
character from this book (note: generally the main character will be a round or dynamic
character).  In the beginning of the novel, Jo is consumed with the romantic ideal.  She
wants to write stories about fantasy worlds and all that her imagination can think up.
Thoughout the novel though, she begins to realize that that type of writing is not as
valuable as writing about what life is really like.

Are there any examples of onomatopoeia in The Wednesday Wars by Gary Schmidt?

Onomatopoeia is literary device in which a word sounds
like what it means. For example, pop, hiss,
and sizzle are all words that sound like what they mean. Holling
Hoodhood is the narrator of The Wednesday Wars by Gary Schmidt, and
he is a rather dramatic seventh-grader. Because of that, he is a lively storyteller and
uses vivid language throughout the entire novel. In fact, it was quite easy to locate at
least five examples of onomatopoeia.

• Every time
  we hear about Sycorax and Caliban, Holling describes them as “clacking their yellow
  teeth.” (Obviously, this is a sound which rather freaked Holling
  out.)


• Once the rats escape their cages, Holling says, "We
  heard heavy pattering across the asbestos ceiling tiles." Pattering
  is just the right onomatopoetic word, as we can imagine the muffled sounds of their feet
  pattering above us as the creatures scurry across the
  ceiling.


• In the Perfect Room of the Perfect House
  (Holling's house), he describes a "roaring fire." We know this is onomatopoeia because
  we know this is different than, say, a sputtering fire or a
  crackling fire. This fire is going full blast, and it sounds like
  it is roaring.


• When Holling has a chance to get a little
  revenge on Doug Sweiteck's brother by throwing a snowball at him, he describes it this
  way: "His face turns toward me at the last moment, and the snow-ice-slush-spitball
  splatters against his nose." Splatters, of course, is the example
  of onomatopoeia.


• After he threw the snowball, Holling
  says, "I went back to Mrs. Baker’s classroom and sat down squishily." No explanation
  necessary.

These few instances tell you that
Holling likes to use lively and expressive language to convey his story through each of
his senses. Onomatopoeia is an example of just that kind of
language.

Why do Sampson and Gregory fight with Montague's men in Act 1, Scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet

The quarrel in Act I scene I starts, initially, because
Samson decides to “bite his thumb” at Abram; this gesture is synonymous to the middle
finger.   The Capulets have drawn their weapons are waiting for the Montagues to make
the first move.  Sampson says to Gregory, “Nay, as they dare.   I will bite my thumb at
them, which is disgrace to them if they bear it”(1.1.44-45).   By insulting the
Montagues, Sampson hopes to provoke them into a fight which would allow him to later say
the Montagues intiated the brawl.   The examination of the servants at the beginning of
the play provides the reader the feeling that this “ancient grudge” exists throughout
each family’s household – from top to bottom.

What is the influence of Western culture on Indian culture?

I would say that one part of the answer to this question
would be the growth of information technology.  The ease with which information is
shared across the world through the web, Skype, Twitter, and Facebook have helped to
make the absorption of different cultures a distinct part of reality in the modern
setting.  Indian culture and Western culture have embraced a sort of cultural exchange
with one another, whereby both have absorbed aspects of
each.

Indian culture has seen the emergence of Western
fashion and Western brands infiltrating so much of the culture.  Western brands like
Coca- Cola, Pepsi, Mountain Dew, KFC, and McDonalds have become a part of the Indian
fabric.  They have become appropriated so much that these brands do not seem "Western,"
but rather something a part of the Indian fabric of society.  The growth of music
channels that follow the MTV mode of broadcasting, as well as Bollywood films
paralleling Western films are increasingly evident.  Even some of the issues that used
to be seen as "taboo" such as sex, women's hygiene, and communication between couples
are disappearing.  Now, condoms can be purchased in full view, without the "stigma" that
used to be there.  Women's hygiene products are openly advertised, in comparison to the
times when a woman had to sheepishly approach a shop owner for "pads" and was given them
in a brown, non-descript bag. The nation's first lesbian couple married and sought
protection from the police, which they received, when they received death threats from
their family.  This is a reflection of the West.   When US Secretary of State Hillary
Clinton shakes hands with Congress leader Sonia Gandhi, it is a reflection of how both
cultures have come to understand that women in the role of political leadership is a
part of both nation's historical footprint on the world.   These are conditions whereby
Indian culture and been influenced by the West.  The transfer of information, the global
reach of job markets across both cultures, and the basic idea that cultural transfer and
exchange is much easier in the globalized setting has helped to leave an indelible
Western footprint on much of the urban setting of
India.

However, there is another side to this story.  I
think that a great many of these social changes are only directed at the urban setting
of India.  Majority of the nation is in a rural context.  In these areas, there seems to
be little permeation of Western thoughts from abroad.  Western culture does not stop the
threats of "honor killings" of the lesbian couple.  There are many areas in India where
the concept of a woman continuing her education when reaching "marrying age" is simply
unacceptable, as is a woman working.  Certainly, Western culture is evident in the fact
that nearly everyone, urban or rural, owns at least one, if not more, cell phones. 
Satellite dishes are everywhere, even hanging on homes made of thatch.  The question
will be how the influence of the West will be felt all over India, and for this, I think
that an indigenous approach is needed.  For villages and rural settings where there has
been an intense reverence for their own traditions as long as time has passed, the
adoption of Western ideas and approaches will have to come from within.  Certainly, as
globalization takes greater hold of Indian culture, the need to address how all of India
can advance, and how to avoid a "digital divide" is going to be
essential.

How significant and relevant are the symbols are in A Christmas Carol today?

The symbolism brought into A Christmas Carol
by the three Spirits is quite as relevant and significant today as it was
when the story was written.

The Spirit of Christmas Past
takes Scrooge back into his own history, where Scrooge recognizes the simple joys and
deep pleasures brought by people and relationships from his youth, and realizes that he
has not allowed those same gifts to be given to others in his present
life.

He has
the power to render us happy or unhappy; to make our service light or burdensome; a
pleasure or a toil...I should like to be able to say a word or two to my clerk just
now.

In the same manner, the
Spirits of Christmas Present and of Christmas Yet to Come show Scrooge scenes
illustrating how his actions and attitudes impact himself and those around
him.

While the specifics have changed over the years, the
basic themes are the same now as when Dickens wrote the story. No one person has the
ability to judge the actions and worth of others; all should be involved in caring for
and supporting the people surrounding them.

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It may be that in the sight of Heaven you are
more worthless and less fit to live than millions like this poor man's child. O God! to
hear the Insect on the leaf pronouncing on the too much life among his hungry brothers
in the dust!

Why is energy lost as it moves from producers to primary consumers?

Each consumer is consuming for a number of reasons, only
one of them being physical growth. Calories consumed are turned into body heat, healing,
reproduction, and motion, all of which are necessary life processes, but none of which
retain captured calories in the food chain. An animal must expend calories in order to
obtain food. Those expended calories are not available to be eaten by members of the
next trophic level, so they in essence leave the food
chain.

Ecologists estimate that plants, at the base of most
food chains, convert only about 1% of the sunlight they receive into plant material
which is then available as food. For animals, an average of about 10% of the energy a
creature consumes is retained as additional body mass, which is the only thing that can
be passed up the food chain to the next trophic
level.

Foraging efficiency is the term for how animals
maximize calorie intake versus calories burned to attain food; it is a very interesting
ecological topic. Check out the link below for an example of how it works in a grazing
species, the bighorn sheep of western North America.

How does Bronte intend the reader to feel towards Mr. Lockwood at the end of the first chapter?Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights

Mr. Lockwood establishes the mood of mystery and Gothic
tone as the narrator of Chapter 1 of Emily Bronte's Wuthering
Heights.  For, he takes delight in the misanthrope, Heathcliff, as they are
both solitary and desolate men. In fact, Lockwood feels that they are a suitable pair
because they can "divide the desolation between us."

Yet,
part of the reader's impression of Lockwood is that he may be rather like his
nomenclature, somewhat "locked" into his own perspective.  He possesses "a sympathetic
chord" for Heathcliff without really knowing him, declaring that he knows "by instinct"
that the man has an aversion to effusive displays of feelings.  In addition, Lockwood
believes that Heathcliff loves and hates "under cover."  Apparently, Lockwood projects
his own ability to express love to a woman which has caused his loss of her, to one of
Heathcliff's idiosyncrasies as well.

Certainly, the reader
is somewhat perplexed by the narrator, Mr. Lockwood, who ends the first chapter with the
remark that he feels so much more sociable than Heathcliff--and he has declared himself
a misanthrope!

Vitamin D is created from _________ by skin cellsA. DehydrocholesterolB. CholesterolC. HydrocholesterolD. Hydrodermis

I agree with lachicdina's post
above.

Vitamin D is created from exposure of the sun to
ultraviolet light (UV).  Vitamin D3 is created in the skin when Dehydrocholesterol-7
(Answer A) reacts with ultraviolet light.

To explain
dehydrocholesteral a bit further...it is a type of cholesterol in the skin that responds
to ultraviolet light when the sun hits the skin. It is then converted into Vitamin
D3.

*Fun Facts about this topic: Vitamin D is essential for
life in higher animals! It must be supplied in the diet on a regular basis (most of us
get it automatically just from our diet and/or being exposed to the sun--however, if you
live in say, Alaska or other parts of the world that do not receive adequate
sunlight--you may require additional supplements.) Insufficient vitamin D can result in
Rickets.

In chapter one of Ethan Frome, how can the atypical engineer be trusted by the reader as a narrator?Edith Wharton's Ethan Frome

Among the traits of the typical engineer are a strong
analytical and logical mind; an engineer has a mind for detail and is technically
educated; he also possesses a skilled manner of
communication.

The narrator of Ethan
Frome, who has been sent on a job connected with the powerhouse at Corbury
Junction that is delayed because of a carpenters' strike,finds himself at odds at first;
however, he settles into a routine as he finds himself "anchored at Starkfield." There
he learns of Ethan Frome, and after the town's horses fall ill in an epidemic, he must
rely on the broken figure of Ethan Frome to drive him to the train in Corbury
Flats.

That the narrator is atypical of a technical,
mathematical, and analytical engineer is evinced in his comments about Frome as he first
rides with him,

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Ethan From drove in silence, the reins loosely
held in his left hand, his brown seamed profile, under the helmet-like peak of the cap,
relieved against the banks of snow like the bronze image of a hero....He seemed a part
of the mute melancholy landscape, an incarnation of its frozen woe, with all that was
warm and sentient in him fast bound below the surface; but there was nothing unfriendly
in his silence.

Here a more
artistic and intuitive personality, rather than a dispassionately logical and analytical
nature that characterizes the narrator/engineer. To conceive of Frome as heroic and
almost mythical, is clearly a supposition on the part of this narrator. However, he does
typically communicate well with Frome, who offers him shelter for the night at his farm.
And, the chapter ends with the narrator telling the
reader,

It was
that night that I found the clue to Ethan Frome and began to put together this vision of
his story.

The use of the
word vision yet suggests that the narrator is not constructing a
story that is totally factual, totally documented, totally objective; this action on the
part of the narrator is atypical, also. Thus, as critic Cynthia Griffin Wolff notes,"it
[the story]bears the imprint of the narrator's own interpretation,and is, therefore,
somewhat ambiguous." Wolff concludes that the narrator's relating of Frome's tale wavers
from concrete reality in that it depicts his own

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shadow self, the man he might become if the
reassuring appurtenances of busy, active, professional, adult mobility were taken from
him.

The line between the
narrator as the teller, and the narrator as part of the story often become confused, and
because of this ambiguity, the story is not one of a typical engineer. And, certainly,
Chapter I indicates the narrator's personal perceptions of young Ethan's feelings which
could easily be reflective of his own as he walks through the snow and looks into the
windows. Lines such as these,

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It was during their night walks back to the farm
that he felt most intensely the sweetness of this communication....it seemed to Ethan
that the art of definition could go no farther, and that words had at last been found to
utter his secret
soul.

suggest the blurring of
the lines between the narrator as storyteller and the narrator as part of the
story.

In the novel Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, please analyse the following quote."...remember that the Captain belongs to the most dangerous enemy...

This quote is said by Faber to Montag and is very
important in the way that it presents a reflection upon society and how it operates.
According to Faber, what makes Beatty so dangerous is the way that he represents the
"solid, unmoving cattle of the majority." This points towards the way that society is
ruled and driven by this sector of the population. Those who are in the mainstream and
do not want to challenge the status quo or are not capable of thinking of a different
way of living life are always the biggest threat to "truth and freedom" as Faber states.
The metaphor he uses to describe this sector of humanity compares them to unmoving
cattle which are happy to be herded by those above them and are not able to grasp their
own destiny in their hands. We are presented with these kind of people in the form of
Mildred and her friends in this novel. Note the way that Mildred either doesn't
recognise or chooses to ignore her suicide attempt, and also consider the episode when
Montag reads them all a poem and how they are unable to cope with or even comprehend
going against the established system of order. The "solid, unmoving cattle of the
majority" is thus a force that presents a major obstacle to the development of "truth
and freedom," and Faber is correct in his analysis.

What are the major themes in Romeo and Juliet and how do they contribute to the tragedy of the play?information on themes- death, fate and love

A few different themes you could explore in Romeo
& Juliet are:

1.
Love

Love is the dominating theme in Romeo &
Juliet. More specifically, examine the way love controls these two young people and
causes them to act hastily and without consideration for consequences. They love each
other, but they lack the maturity to deal with that love in a constructive way. Their
love for each other causes them to abandon their family and friends. Romeo abandons his
friends Mercutio and Benvolio after the party in order to seek out Juliet. Juliet tells
Romeo to "deny thy father and refuse thy name...or wilt thou not, but be sworn my love,
and I'll no longer be a Capulet." Love also leads to defying the rules that govern them.
Romeo, banished from Vernoa, ignores the Prince's ruling and sneaks back in to see
Juliet anyway. This ultimately leads to both their
deaths.

2. Love as a cause of
violence

Shakespeare explores the chaotic side of love in
this play. Although a love story, it is full of violence and death. Their relationship
is marked by death from the moment it begins. At the feast where they meet, Tybalt
claims he will kill Romeo for his intrusion. Tybalt does end up killing Mercutio over
Romeo's actions, and Romeo in turn kills Tybalt. Both Romeo & Juliet are haunted
by suicidal thoughts over the course of the play. Their love cannot immediately
supercede the hate that divides their families, so thoughts of dying rather than living
apart control their thoughts and actions. Love and passion also lead to Paris being
slain by Romeo at Juliet's tomb.

3.
Fate

The theme of fate is a major part of Romeo &
Juliet. Although their actions lacked criticial thinking and their own immaturity and
failure to control their emotions led to their deaths, the idea this being their fate is
the basis of the play. The Chorus calls them star-crosses lovers at the onset. Perhaps
it was their destiny to die young. In addition to the audience being aware of this fate,
Romeo & Juliet appear to be cognitive of it as well. Just before entering the
Capulet house for the feast, Romeo has a premonition of something bad happening that
will lead to untimely death. Later, when he believes Juliet is dead, he cries "then I
defy you, stars." Their love seems to be in oppostion to what fate has in store.
Examples of this include the extreme hatred between the families (which is never
explained) that keeps Romeo & Juliet apart, the series of events that unravel
Friar Laurence's plan, and the awful timing of Romeo's suicide just as Juliet wakes up.
It seemed as if their fate was not to be with each other, but to die
trying.

What is the climax of The Book Thief?

The climax of a story is the moment of greatest emotional
intensity, when we have been led to a high point through the rising action to a
significant moment of suspense. In this novel, the climax comes at the end of the novel
when Liesel's world is literally blown apart by a bomb raid, and all that she knows and
everybody that she loves (almost) is killed:

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In the space of a few minutes, all of them were
gone.

A church was chopped
down.

Earth was destroyed where Max Vandenburgh had stayed
on his feet.

Death is shown
to move around all of the people, friends and family of Liesel, claiming each one of
them. However, Liesel is saved because she was in the basement of her house, and thus
she is pulled out to face another day and does not meet Death ultimately at this point
in the story. She is left to be looked after by the mayor's wife and to be reunited with
Max at the end of the tale.

Why is Faber so critical of himself and pessimistic about the world when he is first introduced in Fahrenheit 451?

Faber believes he is guilty by having been silent when the
fictional society in Fahrenheit 451 began to deteriorate, and books
became demonized, professors and authors and teachers were arrested or killed or driven
into exile.  He feels badly about himself for not trying harder to prevent
it.

Now, as the firemen burn house after house and war
drifts closer, Faber sees little hope.  He feels too old to do anything now but live
with his guilt, and until Montag reveals his own crisis of conscience, that there is no
one to help him fight back.

This is why he agrees to talk
Montag through his next meeting with Captain Beatty and with Montag's wife and friends
at their house, he sees a glimmer that he might be able to restart peoples' ability to
think and question independently again.

What exactly is the lyrical subject/object in poetry??

Poems are usually written as a way to express the feelings
of the author. The person or place or event that has created those feelings is the
subject or object of the poem. There isn't one uniform subject or object (different
names for the same thing) in all poetry - it will be different for each
poem.

Lyric poetry is "a form of poetry with rhyming
schemes that express personal and emotional feelings." Words don't have to rhyme for a
piece to be considered a lyric poem, although they can. The more important issue is the
expression of feelings. Consider:

I THINK that I shall never
see

A poem lovely as a
tree.

A tree whose hungry mouth is
prest

Against the sweet earth's flowing
breast;

A tree that looks at God all
day,
5
And lifts her leafy
arms to pray;

A tree that may in summer
wear

A nest of robins in her
hair;

Upon whose bosom snow has
lain;

Who intimately lives with
rain.
10
Poems are made by
fools like me,

But only God can make a
tree.

Joyce
Kilmer is observing the beauty she sees in trees, admiring the strength of the trunk
growing from the ground, appreciating the sight and sound of the robins nesting amidst
the leaves, recognizing the way the tree changes with the changing seasons. The lyric
subject or object of this particular poem is trees.

Junior's grandmother's funeral was on the football field to accommodate all the people who loved her. Provide 3 examples of positive impact on...

The influence of Junior's grandmother is something that
has a profound impact on Junior.  On one level, Junior is amazed at how much love is
shown towards his grandmother.  This is something that is significant to Junior because
he recognizes the concept of love in regards to the Native American community for one of
the first times in the novel.  The novel is one where Junior does not openly associate
the concept of love with the Native American community and life on the reservation. Yet,
in seeing the outpour of love for his grandmother who inspired it with her own actions
is a reflection of this.  At the same time, Junior understands a critical element about
his own sense of identity.  Junior sees that he does not need to be at odds with his
identity as a Native American.  Junior recognizes that he can be at peace with who he is
as a Native American because his grandmother was at peace with her concept of self as a
Native American.  At a time when Junior is repudiating his concept of ethnic identity,
he is awoken to the idea that he can be at peace with his Native American conception of
self and that being a Native American is not something for which shame need to be
evident.  In seeing the life his grandmother led and the impact it had on others at the
funeral, it is one where he understands this concept of self.  Finally, her life ending
at the hands of a drunk driver further consolidates Junior's view that alcoholism is a
disease on social and personal levels that must be repudiated and rejected at all
costs.

How does inflation cause a country's currency to be overvalued with regard to the exchange rate?

If two countries experience different rates of inflation
and the exchange rate does not adjust, then the exchange rate between the two will
overvalue the currency of the nation that has the higher
inflation.

Let us imagine that Country A has high inflation
and Country B does not.  As A's currency inflates, it should lose value because each
unit of the currency is no longer able to buy as much.  It is worth less.  But what if
the exchange rate does not change to account for this?  If that happens, A's currency
will be overvalued compared to B's.  The exchange rate will be the same as it had been
before even though A's currency is no longer worth as
much.

So, if exchange rates do not adjust, a country with
high inflation will see its currency overvalued compared to a country with low
inflation.

What is the relationship of the host and the guests in And Then There Were None?

There is no relationship between the guests and their
host.  They all believe someone different has invited them to the island.  Mr. Justice
Wargrave thinks it is Constance Culmington, a woman he hasn't seen in eight years. Vera
Claythorne thinks she was offered a job by a Nancy Owen, a woman who doesn't exist.
Philip Lombard is hired by a third party, a Mr. Issac Morris, for a job he even Mr.
Morris can't explain.Ms. Emily Brent is invited by someone whose handwriting she cannot
read as a guest for a summer holiday.  General MacArthur is invited by a Mr.
U.N.Owen for a weekend with some of his "old cronies" to talk over old times. Dr.
Armstrong thinks that he is going to see Mrs. Owens for health reasons. Mr. and Mrs.
Rogers have been hired as help for the mansion on the island, and Mr. Blore has been
hired as an investigator.  Not one of them knows Mr. or Mrs. Owens, and, in fact, they
do not exist. They figure out a little later that U.N. Owen actually stands for
Unknown. 

The thread that ties them together is that fact
that they each have killed someone, either through neglect or planning. They do have a
host, but he is one of them.  I do not know if you have finished the book, and I don't
want to spoil it for you.  The real host delighted in killing, and  he felt they were
all getting what they deserved.

Explain how Twain's experience as a riverboat captain and the writing technique of local color enhance the exposition of chapter 8.in The...

Twain's riverboat captain experience meant that he spent
much time just looking at every nook and cranny of the river's edges. So, in chapter 8
his references,

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"mostly it was big trees all about, and gloomy
in there amongst them," and

"a deep sound of "boom!" away
up the river," and

"a bunch of smoke laying on the water a
long ways up -- about abreast the ferry" and

"the ferryboat
was floating with the
current"

are all sensory
details consistent with what a person very familiar with the river would
know.

For those of us who haven't ever been alongside a
river's edge, we get to experience it through his visual images, sounds, and
feelings.

As a reader, I can see the currents he refers to,
I can feel the breeze and imagine what it visually does to the trees. I can imagine dark
places in and among trees and the sun peeking through in some
spots.

His awareness of what happens on the river's edges
also brings us closer to the reality of that world. He knew there were some pockets of
homes along there. He wrote about some of the plunder that would brush up against
shores. Logs would float out into the center sometimes, and the expanse of the river
(sometimes 3 miles wide) is much different that the rivers many of us can relate
to.

Without this descriptive writing, we would not be able
to imagine how life on a river that large would really be.

How does Conrad create mood and atmosphere in Heart of Darkness?

Heart of Darkness is styled as a
story told by Marlow to a group of his fellow sailors. This allows Marlow a certain
amount of embellishment for dramatic purposes, and also removes the burden of proof from
the "real" narrator, who only comments at the beginning and end. Atmosphere is created
by Marlow's detailed imagery and his discussion of how the Congo affected his mind; he
uses a lot of metaphors and symbolism in telling his
story.

The
dusk came gliding into it long before the sun had set. The current ran smooth and swift,
but a dumb immobility sat on the banks. The living trees, lashed together by the
creepers and every living bush of the undergrowth, might have been changed into
stone...
(Conrad, Heart of Darkness,
gutenberg.org)

This passage
is typical of Marlow's exposition; he speaks more of the feelings and emotions created
by circumstances than of the actual events. Even when recounting the native attack, he
spends more time on his own feelings than on the actual event; the effect it has on his
mind is, he feels, more important in the telling than who was killed or how long it
took. This allows the reader to feel more of Marlow's emotional reactions throughout,
instead of simply reading the account of his journey.

How does one convert a text in .pdf format to .doc format?One of my friends is a teacher, and asked me to help him convert a question paper from...

There are a couple of ways to convert a .pdf to a .doc
format. How you choose to go about it depends somewhat on whether this is going to be a
one-time deal, or whether it's something that you need to do on a regular basis. If you
need to do it often, then it's time to consider either buying a full copy of Adobe
Acrobat and being able to edit the pdf documents without doing a conversion at all, or
downloading one of the many programs or add-ons available to do the conversion in your
computer. If that's what you are looking for, the third link below is an example of such
a product, although there are a number of others out there as
well.

For a once in a while issue, there are several online
services that will do a conversion for free - you upload your file to them, tell them
what type you'd like it converted to, and wait for the download link to appear. When I
need to do this I go to href="http://zamzar.com/">zamzar.com (the first link below). Short files of
a page or two usually are converted within minutes; larger files may take an hour or
two. If the document has illustrations, charts, or unusual fonts, those may not come
through well, so be sure to read over the converted document carefully to make sure it
is what you expect.

Please comment on some important quotes from Death and the King's Horseman.

There are a number of very important quotes in this play
that could be discussed in response to this question. One important quote comes in Scene
Two, and occurs when Pilkings, talking about the natives, refers to them as "Sly,
devious bastards." This is made even worse by the way that he says this in front of his
house boy, Joseph, who is one of those "natives" he is refering to. This quote speaks
volumes of the arrogance of the whites in this play, and this is something that is
supported in Scene 4 when Olunde makes the following observation about
whites:

You
believe that everything which appears to make sense was learnt from
you.

This indicates the
particular point of view of the white characters in this play. They believe that they
are more civilised, refined and cultured than the "ignorant natives" they are ruling
over, and that their way of viewing the world is the only correct way there is. This
play of course challenges such cultural arrogance by insisting each culture has their
own valid world view.

Secondly, as regards the theme of
duty, Elesin's comment in Scene 5 to his young bride is worthy of some attention. He
explains that he failed to commit suicide not because he was interrupted by the colonial
forces, but because he loved life too much:

readability="10">

For I confess to you, daughter, my weakness came
not merely from the abomination of the white man who came violently into my fading
presence, there was also a weight of longing on my earth-held
limbs.

This is important
because it presents Elesin's failure to complete his obligations as resulting from his
own personal longing to live life more rather than it being the fault of the whites.
This presents the theme of duty and honour in very stark terms, as Elesin himself
acknowledges that he loved life too much to end it, even though this has had
catastrophic results for his people.  

What were three processes responsible for the development of European Culture.

The Crusades were important because they brought Europe
into contact with cultures and ideas that were new and challenging in a culture that had
been isolated and somewhat stagnant through the Dark Ages. As new ideas and materials
came into Europe with the returning crusaders, interests in exploring and trying new
ideas spread.

I would suggest the Reformation as an
important event/process. The displacement of the Roman Catholic church as a primary
power in governmental as well as religious concerns created new structures and
relationships among social and economic classes and groups with far-reaching
consequences. New patterns of thought and action followed and created demands for even
more change.

Because of its profound impact on so many
areas of human endeavor, which is the basis for all culture, I have to suggest the
invention of the printing press as my third most influential force in the shaping of
European culture. The spread of the printed word changed education, business, religion,
exploration of the world - all important aspects of what we call
"culture."

Consider paragrpahs 44-50: what ideas about equality and inequality are exposed in Bambara's "The Lesson?—and will the kids remember Miss Moore's...

In Toni Cade Bambara's short story, "The Lesson," it seems
the section you are referring to includes the children's visit to F.A.O. Schwarz, which
is allegedly a "toy" store. While there may be toys, I always feel
that some of these toys are for very well-to-do adults' children,
but also some are for the well-to-do adults as
well.

Two toys are discussed: the sailboat which costs
almost twelve hundred dollars, and a thirty-five dollar mechanical
clown.

It is, of course, Miss Moore's intention to point
out the inequality represented in this toy store that sells things that none of
these children could afford. Sylvia puts everything into its proper
perspective, which is part of "the lesson," though she doesn't see it right away. She
imagines asking her mother for the clown toy:

readability="7">

"You wanna who that costs what?" she'd say,
cocking her head to the side to get a better view of the hole in my
head.

Sylvia reviews the
value of thirty-five dollars in her neighborhood, in
her world. Junior and Gretchen could buy their son a set of bunk
beds; it would cover the cost of the whole family visiting the country to see
Grand-daddy Nelson; and, it could pay the rent, among other things.
Sylvia's mom would ask:

readability="6">

Who are these people that spend that much for
performing clowns and $1000 for toy sailboats? What kinda work they do and how they live
and how come we ain't in on
it?

Miss Moore has brought
the children to see how the "better half" lives. It's not enough to realize that there
is a better half, but Miss Moore wants the chidren to want to
be successful like those people—not to be hindered, living their
lives in the inner-city—as their parents are doing: working hard, never getting ahead,
and never having the same opportunities as those around them. And
really, it's not about the money. It about quality of life—and
leaving an unmotivated mindset behind to find it.

readability="7">

Where we are is who we are, Miss Moore always
pointin out. But it don't necessarily have to be that
way...

Sylvia's parents know
about the inequality they and their kids face, but they can't change their children's
future because they have no idea how—they don't have the finances or social support to
make life different for their kids. Historically, it has been too soon since the Civil
Rights Amendment of 1964 was passed (this story written in 1972) to have seen any
real changes—things have not greatly improved for blacks in this
country. Programs are not in place to train or motivate young people. However, they
do have Miss Moore, and as much as the kids resent her,
she is their single-handed
advocate. She understands what needs to be done. It is for this
reason that she takes the kids out on these excursions.

And
while Sugar seems to "get it" for a moment (while Sylvia stands on her foot to shut her
up), she is soon too distracted by the thought of ice cream soda and layer cake to stay
focused; but as much as Sylvia tries to hide her growing realization from Miss Moore,
we know something is changing inside her as Miss Moore speaks to
them:

And
somethin weird is goin on, I can feel it in my chest. "Anybody else learn anything
today?" lookin dead at me. I walk
away...

As they leave Miss
Moore, still in possession of four dollars left from the cab ride, Sylvia has to ponder
what she has learned, but we know she is not going to sit quietly
while life pushes her around— not without pushing
back:

...ain't
nobody gonna beat me at
nuthin.

Sylvia
has learned the lesson!

What are some salient features of Romantic poetry and where do they appear in Wordsworth's The Prelude (Book I), Coleridge's "Kubla Khan," and...

The Romantic movement in English poetry is often
associated with a number of typical characteristics, and many of these characteristics
appear in William Wordsworth’s The Prelude and in Samuel Taylor
Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan” and Dejection: An Ode.” Among the typical Romantic traits that
appear in all three poems are the following:

1. An
   emphasis on humanity’s relationship with nature.


2. A
   emphasis on the frequent beauty of nature.


3. An emphasis on
   nature’s beneficent influence on humanity.


4. An emphasis on
   strong personal emotion.

The opening lines of
Book I of Wordsworth’s The Prelude reveal a number of these common
features of English Romanticism:

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O there is a blessing in the gentle
breeze,

A visitant that, while he fans my
cheek,

Doth seem half-conscious of the joy he
brings

From the green fields, and from yon azure
sky.

In this passage, the
exclamation “O” implies strong personal emotions (emotions of joy and pleasure, to
mention just two). The words “blessing” and “gentle” imply that nature is beneficent, as
do the words “fans” and “joy.” Meanwhile, the fourth line stresses nature’s
beauty.

In Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan,” many of the same
traits are also visible.  Thus, an emphasis on natural beauty is implied when Coleridge
mentions

. . .
gardens bright with sinuous rills

Where blossomed many an
incense-bearing tree . . .
(8-9)

Strong emotion is
suggested by the exclamation “But oh!” (12), while nature’s beneficence is suggested by
the reference to “sunny spots of greenery” (11).

Finally,
in Coleridge’s “Dejection: An Ode,” the speaker almost looks forward to the coming of a
storm since the storm may help relieve his current depression. He refers to the sounds
of storms by saying,

readability="13">

Those sounds which oft have raised me, whilst
they awed,

And sent my soul
abroad,

Might now perhaps their wonted [that is,
accustomed] impulse give

Might startle this dull pain, and
make it move and live!
(17-20)

Here, nature is shown
to have had a beneficent influence (it “sent my soul abroad”), and, even in its darker
aspects, is shown to have a kind of beauty that makes it preferable to the speaker’s
present mental “pain.” Finally, the exclamation mark at the end of the quoted passage
reveals the speaker’s strong emotion.

Thus, all three
quoted passages illustrate the strong and often positive relationship that the Romantics
stressed between humanity and nature.

In Chapter 10 of Lord of the Flies by William Golding, why is it significant that the conch is not taken?

In Chapter Nine of Lord of the Flies,
the society of boys suffers its greatest fissures.  While Simon heads back to the boys
to tell them that the beast "was harmless and horrible," Ralph and Piggy search for the
other boys and discover that they have joined Jack's party.  As they approach, Ralph and
Piggy see that the boys are roasting a pig, and a boy runs by Piggy, burning him and
making him again "the center of social derision."  Jack stands, waving his spear like a
chieftain; he speaks with a tone of ownership.  When he tells the boys to give him a
drink, Henry slavishly brings him a shell from which to drink.  Watching Piggy and
Ralph, he declares himself chief.  Ralph argues that it is he who is chief, but Jack
tells him "the conch doesn't count at this end of the
island."

Then, the savagery excalates and Simon, who
returns, is bludgeoned to death in a savage ritualistic dance.  Clearly, anarchy has
taken over and Piggy and Ralph are beaten themselves in the frenzied dance. In Chapter
Ten, Ralph and Piggy emerge from the coconut trees and discuss what has happened.  Piggy
tells Ralph, "I thought they wanted the conch."  But, the conch lies shining by the
chief's seat, and with horror and disbelief Ralph stares at it, then returns to Piggy,
informing him, "They didn't take the conch."

readability="6">

"I know.  They didn't come for the conch.  They
came for something else.  Ralph--what am I going to
do?"

From the beginning of
Golding's novel, the conch has represented civil order.  In Chapter One when they
discover the conch, Piggy tells Ralph of a friend who had one; he would blow into it,
and his mother would come.  Thus, the conch also represents the response of the adult
world of civilization.  So, when Jack and the hunters steal Piggy's glasses, they take
away rational thought with this symbol, and by leaving the conch behind, they abandon
all order and civilzed behavior in their acts of anarchy.

What is the influence of transcendentalism in Whitman's "When I heard the Learn'd Astronomer"?

I think that the speaker of the poem, presumably Whitman,
ends up breaking out on his own path rather than that of the "learn'd astronomer"
represents a strong presence of Transcendentalism.  The Transcendental idea of forging
one's own path away from the conventional notion of the good is a heavy idea in Thoreau
and Emerson.  It is also something that Whitman embraces at the end of the poem.  The
idea of "formal" and "informal" as seen in emotions is another element that is present. 
The classroom instruction is seen as sterile and plastic.  The Transcendental idea of
embracing emotions and using an emotional frame of reference with which to appropriate
the world is something that is seen in the closing of the poem.  Along these lines, the
use of emotions in understanding something as complex as the stars and astronomy is
evident when Whitman decides to leave the formal and conforming classroom setting and
find his own voice, his own sense of self.  In this, Whitman defines himself as a
Transcendental persona in the poem.

In chapter 10, How does Pearl's behavior in the cemetery express a link between Dimmesdale and Hester?

One day Dimmesdale questions his doctor about an
unusual-looking plant. Chillingworth remarks that he found it growing on an unmarked
grave and suggests that the dark weeds are the sign of the buried person’s unconfessed
sin. The two enter into an uncomfortable conversation about confession, redemption, and
the notion of “burying” one’s secrets. As they speak, they hear a cry from outside.
Through the window, they see Pearl dancing in the graveyard and hooking burrs onto the
“A” on Hester’s chest. When Pearl notices the two men, she drags her mother away, saying
that the “Black Man” has already gotten the minister and that he must not capture them
too. Chillingworth remarks that Hester is not a woman who lives with buried sin—she
wears her sin openly on her breast. At Chillingworth’s words, Dimmesdale is careful not
to give himself away either as someone who is intimately attached to Hester or as
someone with a “buried” sin of his own. Chillingworth begins to prod the minister more
directly by inquiring about his spiritual condition, explaining that he thinks it
relevant to his physical health. Dimmesdale becomes agitated and tells Chillingworth
that such matters are the concern of God. He then leaves the
room.

What negative aspects of entertainment in our society does Suzanne Collins seem to be warning us about in The Hunger Games?

1. Reality TV: we seem to
find it entertaining to watch others struggle and have bad times. E.G. Cops, Survivor,
Hoarders, Intervention. People watched the Hunger Games as if it were a TV
program.

2. Violence: We have
come to accept violence on TV and in movies as adding more excitement.  No one thinks of
the possible consequences or the fact that someone was maimed or died.  Remember, each
of these characters had to
die!

3.Competition: Winning at
all costs: People forgot their moral compass as to what is right and wrong and just
wanted to win. Someone else's death brought joy to another
group.

4. Appearance and lies:
What Katniss and Peeta looked like and even their love affair was all staged for the
audience.  None of it was real, but it was to the people
watching

5. Manipulation: the
hosts were able to portray the tributes any way they wished to make them more or less
appealing.  From the interviews at the beginning of the games to the games
themselves.

What are 2 of Jona's major conflicts and their complications in The Giver?Complications: Things that the character must consider before solving or...

The first conflict Jonas has is that he is chosen as
Receiver of Memory.  The complication is that he is not sure he is up to the job, and
doesn’t understand that he is special.  He learns that he is beginning to see color, and
others would not be able to.

Jonas’s most important
conflict is how to save Gabriel’s life.  The complication is that if he does not find a
way to get both of them out of the community safely, they will both be
killed.

When Jonas finds out that Gabriel is going to be
Released, he knows he has to find a way to save him.  He has found out that Release is
death by lethal injection.  He knows that their absence will be noted, and they will be
searched for with planes carrying heat sensors.  They decide to plan their escape during
Ceremony day, and use memories of cold to lower their body temperatures so the planes
don’t spot them.

What is the function of minor characters such as Lucius,Titinius,Portia,and Artemidorus?William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar (other minor characters...

Minor characters in any literary work often serve as foils
to the main characters; that is, in the presentation of their characteristics, the lack
of these particular characteristics in the main characters becomes more apparent to the
readers/audience. In addition, minor characters' actions and words can help to advance
the plot or develop themes of a literary
work. 

• Portia, the
  wife of Brutus, is like Caesar's wife, Calpurnia, in that
  she wishes to share in the life of her husband and is concerned for his welfare.  Both
  Portia and Calpurnia are intuitive and sense the danger that surround their husbands. 
  Caplurnia's good sense points to Caesar's subverting his to his ego when he learns that
  he will be exalted if he goes to the Senate on the Ides of March.  And, if Brutus were
  to have told Portia his "counsels" as she begs, he may have not made his tragic mistake
  of slaying Caesar.  These women are foils to the
  men.


• Artemidorous is a
  friend of Caesar's who tries to warn him about Brutus and the other conspirators.  He
  stands in the street near the Capitol near the house of Brutus, hoping to give his
  letter to Caesar.  When he does place it in Caesar's hands, he tells Caesar it is a
  matter of personal reasons.  Because the letter is personal, Caesar fatefully postpones
  its reading.  The character of Artemidorous acts as a foil also, pointing to the unsound
  judgment of Caesar, thus, also, advancing the plot of
  assassination.


• Lucius is a
  servant to Brutus who delivers letters forged by Cassius highlighting Caesar's alleged
  ambitions. Clearly, he serves to advance the
  plot.


• Titinius is a friend
  of Brutus and Cassius.  In Act V he approaches nearby troops in order to learn if they
  are friends or enemies. When he is surrounded on his horse by cheers and
  cries, Cassius's bondsman, Pindarus, hears them and mistakenly interprets them as
  meaning that Titinius is captured. Fearing that he will also be captured, Cassius takes
  his own life. When Titinius returns and sees his friend slain, he mourns the end of Rome
  as he has known it and crowns the dead Cassius with a wreath, and then kills himself. 
  Titinius advances the plot and also points to the trope of the tragedy of
  miscommunication that prevails throughout the
  play.

What are the causes of the Thirty Years' War?

The Thirty Years War was an exceptionally bloody war that
was ostensibly fought over religion; however politics was a more important
factor.

There were growing political and religious tensions
between the Protestant and Catholic princes of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1608, the
Protestant Princes formed the Protestant Union; in response the Catholic Princes formed
the Catholic League in 1609. Each side vowed that there would be no territorial gain by
the other.

On May 23, 1618, a meeting was held in
Prague between Protestant Officials and officials of the Holy Roman Emperor who were
Catholic. The dispute became heated and the Protestant delegates ended up pushing the
Catholics out a window where they fell seventy feet into a moat filled with latrine
waste. This "defenestration of Prague" was the immediate cause of the declaration of
war; but the causes were the ongoing religious and political rivalries in the Empire.