The size of atom decreases from left to right in a period ,but why the size of atom of nobel gases are more than that of the atom of the elements...

As we move from left to right in a period, the number of
shells of the atom of every element remains same, but the number of electrons in the
outermost shell and the number of protons goes on increasing. This causes an increases
in the nuclear force, which brings the elctrons slightly closer to the nucleus, thereby
reducing the atomic radius and size of the atom.

Now when
we reach the noble gases, their atoms contain 2 (Helium) or 8 (all others) electrons in
the outermost shell. Due to such a high amount of electrons in the outermost shell, the
electrons develop a repulsive force among each other. This repulsive force overcomes the
increased nuclear force, causing the electrons to move away from each other, effective
increasing the atomic radius and atomic size. Hence, due to the force of repulsion
between the valence electrons, the atomic size of atoms of noble gases is slightly
greater than the size of the atoms of the elements immediately left of it in the
periodic table.

Is Beneatha a believable character, or is she a stereotype in Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun?

I think that one of the fundamental issues coming out of
this question has to consider the time period of the work.  Hansberry writes her work at
a time when women were not able to fully assert their own identity and actively embody
their own sense of freedom and choice.  In this, women were seen as having to conform to
a patriarchal notion of the good.  To this end, I don't see how Beneatha can be seen as
a stereotype.  She is shown to be a very headstrong woman, who is able to exercise her
own freedom in her choices and the identity that she wishes to embrace.  This is fluid
over the course of the play, and even reflects a lack of complete totality in her
choices.  In this, Beneatha is radical because she is a woman who will define herself
and not allow others to do so.  This might be stereotypical by modern standards.  Yet,
this could not be seen as stereotypical of women during the time period.  Beneatha is a
character that is one who cannot fit into any box.  She is conscious of this, and in the
process, she really does not embody the stereotypical notion of
women.

What effect does Madame Defarge have on Lucie when the Defarges visit Lucie's apartment?Charles Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities

In Book the Third of A Tale of Two
Cities, Lucie arrives in Paris and Mr. Lorry decides that she must stay in an
apartment so as to not compromise Tellson's Bank as haboring the wife of a prisoner of
LaForce.  When Defarge brings a note for Mr. Lorry from Dr. Manette, Mr. Lorry takes
Lucie and her child with him.  The Defarges accompany him, with Madame Defarge insisting
that she be able to recognize their faces for "their
safety." 

When they arrive at the apartment, Lucie is
alone, crying.  Lucie mistakenly believes thatMadame Defarge, who
symbolically recommences her kinitting, is an angel of mercy.  Kissing "the hand that
knits," she begs her to be merciful to her husband, yet there is so much coldness in the
hand that she kisses that Lucie is given "a check."  Madame Defarge's only reply to
Lucie is an impassive stare and these words, “is it likely that the trouble of one wife
and mother would be much to us now?”

After the Defarges
leave, Lucie says, “That dreadful woman seems to have thrown a shadow on me and on all
my hopes.” And, although Mr. Lorry tries to reassure Lucie,“in his secret mind,” he is
extremely worried. Certainly, it is at this crucial point in the plot that the sinister
Madame Defarge has virtually invaded Lucie's psychological space as well as her physical
space.  For, not only has she ascertained where Lucie dwells, Madame Defarge also has
caused Lucie great consternation and discomfiture.

What are psychotic symptoms of Schizophreniform Disorder?

The main symptoms of Schizophreniform Disorder
are

1. Delusion

2.
Hallucinations

3. Disorganised speech resulting from formal
thought disorder

4. Disorganised or catatonic behaviour,
and negative symptoms such as

* an inability to show
emotion

* an inability to experience
pleasure

* impaired or decreased
speech

* a lack of desire to form
relationships

* a lack of
motivation

Who wounds a boar, sticking his spear into its snout in Lord of the Flies?

The boys go in search of the beast. They find signs of a
pig along the way. A wild boar comes rushing at them. Ralph wounds the boar. He throws
his spear. His spear injures the boar's snout. For the moment, Ralph is thrilled with
the hunt. He keeps repeating that he hit the snout of the
boar.

No one seems to be paying attention to Ralph. Jack
tries to take the attention away from Ralph by repeatedly mentioning that he himself has
been injured by the boar. The boar's tusks injure Jack. He becomes the center of
attention, indicating there is something heroic about being injured by the
boar.

Ralph finally gives up trying to get someone to
praise him for hitting the boar's snout with his spear. It is all fun and games to the
boys. Ralph and Jack are rivals. In chapter seven, they both compete for attention. Jack
seems to be winning, even though it was Ralph who hit the boar's snout with his
spear:

Jack
and Ralph compete briefly for attention from the hunters, and Jack wins it when he shows
them a gash on his arm he claims the boar left with its tusks. Ralph tries again to get
their attention by showing how he threw his
spear.

What is Guy Montag's view on censorship in Fahrenheit 451?

Montag began his life's work of censorship blindly. His
father had been a fireman (one who burns books, not necessarily saves lives), and so had
his grandfather. Being a censor was just what Montags did. However, he did not realize
what they were actually doing until the night when he saw a woman willing to die with
her books. In that moment he must have come to understand that there is something
valuable in books if not having them was worse than
death.

Viewing this type of suicide brought out a piece of
humanity in Montag that he may not have known that he had. From this point on, Montag
begins a process that moves him from not just believing that censoring is wrong, but it
is worth fighting against. Upon meeting Faber, Montag began to learn what books
contained - thought, power, encouragements to act, and leisure. These were qualities he
had never really valued before, but they began to become human attributes worth
obtaining. He therefore begins a quest to frame the other firemen and overthrow the
establishment, but this never really happens. By the end of the book, Montag maintains
his belief that censorship has robbed the society of human emotion and joins a band of
vagabonds who share similar beliefs.

What is the irony of Jack wanting to have rules in Lord of the Flies?

Jack's leadership style is that of a tyrant. So, the idea
of him wanting rules does seem a little strange. Here are the words that demosntrate
Jack making his request. There are some clues in his tone and his
thoughts:

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“We’ll have rules!” he cried
excitedly. “Lots of rules! Then when anyone breaks
’em–"

Jack seemed to look
forward to the opportunity to punish others. This must have been exciting to him. He
must have a violent streak in him.

This violent streak is
already apparent in his struggle to deal with the present authority in Ralph. Jack
himself does not want to be bound to or accountable to another man. The person who is
not willing to submit to a higher authority is often not willing to obey rules.
Therefore, it is ironic that Jack would be excited about them.

Please explain these lines from The Rape of the Lock: "Oh hadst thou, cruel! Been content to seize hairs less in sight, or any hairs but these!"

These last two lines of Canto Four resemble a huge
rhetorical "WHY?" or "If only..." uttered plaintively in the wake of the serial
mock-disaster caused by the snipping of a lock of hair.  After the epic battle between
the sylph and fairy armies of Belinda and Lord Petrie, the bloodshed, the family feud,
and the "rape" of Belinda's appearance, these lines are cast up to further the satire of
Pope's poem.

None of this would have happened, if the piece
of hair had not been so noticeable.  If Belinda's beauty had not been altered, if her
appearance were not in peril, this whole catastrophe could have been avoided.  The
obvious irony here is that it should have been avoided anyway.  A small piece of hair
raised to such epic proportions illuminates the vanity and trivial pursuits of the
society. 

How does Harper Lee use irony to make fun of Miss Caroline’s teaching in To Kill a Mockingbird?

Although Scout's first-grade teacher, Miss Caroline
Fisher, is fresh out of college and well-educated in the newest educational trends,
author Harper Lee nevertheless creates the impression that she is the one who still
needs to be taught how to handle the children in her classroom. She proudly details her
upbringing in Northern Alabama, not realizing that the children (and their parents) have
little respect for people from this region. She overdresses on the first day of school,
appearing to Scout like "a peppermint drop." Her first story, about a cat, bores the
children who "were immune to imaginative literature."

Miss
Caroline then objects to Scout's advanced learning, telling her that she would "undo the
damage" and suggests that Atticus--probably the most intelligent and learned man in
town--"does not know how to teach." When she attempts to punish Scout by lightly
whipping her with a ruler, the class explodes in laughter; her attempt to discipline
instead has the opposite effect. Miss Caroline's troubles continue: She unknowingly
insults Walter Cunningham Jr. by offering him lunch money; she is cursed by Burris Ewell
when she demands that he bathe before coming back to school; and she poorly handles her
first experience with head lice. By the end of the day, it is the class who attempts to
comfort Miss Caroline, who is reduced to tears by the events of the
day.

Harper Lee's contempt for modern education is evident
throughout the story, beginning with the knowledge that Atticus has home-schooled
himself as a youngster. She deliberately has Jem misidentify the "Dewey Decimal System,"
and, later in the novel, condemns Scout's teacher, Miss Gates, for her hypocritical
views of Jews and Negroes.

What are some examples of the coexistence of good and evil in To Kill A Mockingbird?

Although most characters in To Kill a
Mockingbird are clearly on the side of good (Atticus, Miss Maudie) or evil
(Bob Ewell), a few are conflicted in their
morality:

• Walter Cunningham,
  Sr.: once a member of a lynch mob that sought vigilante justice against
  Tom, Walter, Sr. became a more tolerant and empathetic man by the end of the
  novel.


• Mrs. Dubose: once the
  vitriolic berater of children, Mrs. Dubose showed great courage in battling her morphine
  addiction


• Aunt Alexandra:
  once a champion of Southern Aristocratic debutante values, Aunt Alexandra is more
  accepting and open-minded once the trial begins and she sees the effects of racism on
  her family

Even a few
institutions are places where good and evil
coexist:

• Scout's
  school: Miss Fisher tries to teach the class to read while--at the same
  time--telling Scout she learned to read all wrong.
  


• Maycomb County Courthouse:
  Atticus' closing statement urges equality for all.  Judge Taylor is an
  honorable man, but the antics of Mr. Gilmer, Mayella and Bob Ewell reveal that no real
  justice can befit Tom Robinson

what is the origin of the pythagorian theorem?

We'll start from the fact that if we'll construct a square
whose one side lies on the hypotenuse of a right angle triangle, we'll notice that the
area of this square is equal to the sum of areas of the squares whose one side lies on
each leg of this triangle.

If we'll note the length of
hypotenuse as`` z, the area of the square is `z^(2)`.

If
the lengths of the legs are x and y, therefore the areas of the squares are `x^(2)` and
`y^(2)` .

Therefore, according to Pyhtagorean theorem,
we'll  get:

`x^(2)` + `y^(2)` =
`z^(2)`

Calculate percent composition of ethanol .

To determine the percent composition of ethanol, we need
to determine the weight of each element from ethanol.

We'll
write the chemical formula of ethanol: C2H5OH.

To calculate
the weight of each element, we need to know how many moles of each element ethanol has.
This thing could be easy determined just looking at the subscripts of each constituent
element. Therefore ethanol has : 2 mols of carbon, 1 mole of oxygen and 6 mols of
hydrogen.

We'll calculate the mass of these
elements:

Mass of carbon: 2 mols* 12.01g/mol = 24.02
grams

Mass of oxygen: 1mol*16g/mol = 16
grams

Mass of hydrogen: 6 moles*1.01 g/mol = 6.06
grams

Now, we'll add the results to determine the mass of 1
mol of ethanol:

Mass of C2H5OH = 24.02 + 16 + 6.06 = 46.08
g

Now, we'll determine the percent composition of each
element:

mass percent of C: (24.02/46.08)*100% =
52.14%

mass percent of O: (16/46.08)*100% =
34.77%

mass percent of H: (6.06/46.08)*100% =
13.15%

The requested mass percents are:
52.14% ; 34.77% ; 13.15%.

In The Scarlet Letter, what does the footpath symbolize?Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter

In Christian-based literature, such as Dante's
Divine Comedy, there is a long tradition of the pathway as the
transition of the soul through life, or as the metaphorical direction that the soul
takes.  For the Puritans of Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, a novel
that opens with the first chapter entitled "The Prison Door" the footpath that leads to
the forest primeval is a dangerous path away from the stringent course of Puritanism. 
It is, in fact, a path to temptation as the dark forest at its end is where the black
mass is performed and where such witches as Mistress Higgins
congregate.

Ironically, in Chapter 16 it is Hester, the
acknowledged sinner of the community, who guides both Pearl and the Reverend Dimmesdale
along this path.  For, she recognizes the dangers of the path.  In this passage, for
instance, there are many similarities to Hester's life that is fraught with difficulties
in the "moral wilderness" in which she has wandered:

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The trees impending over it had flung down great
branches, from time to time, which choked up the current, and compelled it to form
eddies and black depths at some points; while, in its swifter and livelier passages,
there appeared a channel-way of pebbles, and brown, sparkling
sand.

For the child Pearl and
the Reverend Dimmesdale, the footpath also represents the moral wilderness.  While Pearl
delights in the babbling brook, she is disconcerted by her mother's removal of the
scarlet letter as she has not yet found her own identity and can only feel secure
attached to the scarlet A. Similarly, Dimmesdale yet wanders in a
wilderness as his secret sin haunts him and he must feign an identity to the community
that is not truly his as even in "the intense seclusion" of the path of the forest he
holds his hand over his heart.

What do the Mirabal sisters learn about their father in the opening chapters of In the Time of the Butterflies?

Are you refering to the discovery that they make regarding
their father's infidelity and the way that they have a number of half sisters? If so,
this is a discovery that Minerva makes in Chapter Six of this excellent novel, as she
notices four girls who always come out whenever she drives the family car past their
house. Note how Minerva describes them:

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I studied them. There were three that ran to the
road whenever they heard the car, a fourth one sometimes came in the arms of the oldest.
Four girls, I checked, three in panties, and the baby naked. One time, I stopped at the
side of the road and stared at their Mirabal eyes. "Who is your father?" I asked point
blank.

Minerva thus discovers
the existence of her half-sisters and also the fact of her father's infidelity. What
upsets her most of all, of course, is the way that her father has not provided for his
other children, not even making sure that they receive an education. It is important to
note that this discovery also comes at a time when Minerva is facing her own struggles
of wanting to go to university and to leave home.

What are some of the most used properties of real numbers.

You have asked too many questions at the same time. I have
edited your question as you are allowed to ask only one
question.

Some of the properties of real numbers
are:

Commutative properties: This applies to addition and
multiplication and states that for two real numbers a and b, a + b = b + a and a*b =
b*a

Associative properties: This states that for three real
numbers a, b and c, (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) and (a*b)*c =
(a*(b*c)

Distributive property: This states that
for three real numbers a, b and c, a*(b + c) = a*b +
a*c

Density property: This states that for any
two real numbers it is possible to find another real number that lies between the two.
Put another way, there are an infinite number of real numbers.

Identity properties: For any number a, a + 0 = a, a is
called the additive identity. Similarly for multiplication a*1 = a, 1 is the
multiplicative identity.

What is a specific detail about the setting in Gathering Blue?

You might want to consider the description we are given of
the community of which Kira is a part, and the way that it features elements that are
both pre- and post-Ruin. This helps to present us with the post-apocalyptic setting that
the novel presents us with. Although the precise nature of the Ruin is never specified,
it is clear that we can link it to some kind of nuclear or environmental disaster that
returned civilisation to its primitive roots. Note how the following quote describes
Kira's community:

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Very little had survived the Ruin, but somehow
the structure called the Council Edifice had remained standing and firm. It was
immeasurably old. Several windows still contained patterned glass of deep reds and
golds, amazing things, for knowledge of the way of making such remarkable glass had been
lost. Some remaining windows, ones in which the colored glass had shattered, were now
paned in a thick, ordinary glass that distorted the view through bubbles and ripples.
Other windows were simply boarded over, and parts of the building's interior were darkly
shadowed. Still, the Edifice was magnificent in comparison to the ordinary sheds and
cottages of the village.

Note
the way that this description makes clear the way that so much knowledge and technology
has been lost. The old church building that is now the Council Edifice boasts forgotten
knowledge through its stained glass windows, and stands in contrast to the "ordinary
sheds and cottages" that the majority of the people in the village live in. This is yet
another detail that the author gives us of the setting that points to the cataclysmic
nature of the Ruin and the way that we are presented with some grim vision of the
future.

In The Miracle Worker, please explain what Keller, Aunt Ev and Kate are talking about when they speak of writing in Act One.

Let us remember that as the play opens we are introduced
to a family that has tried every possible contact to look for somebody who can help
Helen with her condition and also assist them in supporting Helen. Now, it is clear from
this opening scene that Keller has reached a point where he has had too many
disappointments, and has decided that it is wiser to accept what he thinks is the
inevitable, and that Helen can never be helped. This of course brings him into conflict
with Kate and Aunt Ev, who still maintain hope that somebody could be found who could
help Helen. Thus when they talk of a famous oculist in Baltimore, and Aunt Ev asks
Keller why he doesn't write to him, note how Keller
responds:

I've
stopped believing in wonders... The child's been to specialists all over Alabama and
Tennessee, if I thought it would do good I'd have her to every fool doctor in the
country.

Then, after this, he
says to his wife a very revealing comment:

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Katie. How many times can you let them break your
heart?

Keller, it is clear,
has reached the limit of what he can cope with in terms of having yet another false hope
that is doomed to be crushed. Thus the context of the opening scene refers to writing to
another specialist who they hope can help Helen.

Describe the main character in "Lamb to the Slaughter."

Roald Dahl shows his great creative talent in making Mary
Maloney the wife of a policeman. She has learned a great deal about how  police think
and operate, and this knowledge helps her commit the perfect crime. Furthermore, the
fact that the police regard Patrick Maloney as "one of ours" brings many more
investigators to the scene of the crime than would have otherwise been the case. They
stay longer, too, because they are intent on solving this crime. And with many men
working late in her house, Mary has no trouble disposing of the murder weapon by feeding
it to the investigators. Ordinarily these policemen would not have sat down to a meal in
a victim's home, but they decide it is okay in this case because Mary, as a cop's wife,
is also "one of ours."

Mary is described as a very simple,
domestic woman who is devoted to her husband.

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For her, this was always a blissful time of day.
She knew he didn't want to speak much until the first drink was finished, and she, on
her side, was content to sit quietly, enjoying his company after the long hours alone in
the house. She loved to luxuriate in the presence of this man, and to feel--almost as a
sunbather feels the sun--that warm male glow that came out of him to her when they were
alone together. She loved him for the way he sat loosely in a chair, for the way he came
in a door, or moved slowly across the room with long strides. She loved the intent, far
look in his eyes when they rested on her, the funny shape of the mouth, and especially
the way he remained silent about his tiredness, sitting still with himself until the
whisky had taken some of it
away.

Her loving devotion
will stand her in good stead after the murder because no one will suspect that such a
loving, devoted wife could commit such a crime. This excessive love, however, is the
reason Patrick wants a divorce. She is too loving, too possessive, too concerned about
his comfort. She is a nurturing, motherly type of woman, but her mothering is
suffocating her husband. She is six months pregnant, and no doubt she would have
transferred some of her mothering to her baby and given her husband some breathing room.
Perhaps Patrick would have been wise to put up with her over-attentiveness for just a
few more months. It is not at all uncommon for women to transfer their affections to
their babies, which is exactly why nature has given most of them these nurturing
instincts.

Mary thinks that by waiting on her husband like
a slave and by taking such a strong interest in everything he says and does, she will be
able to retain his affection. But she is doing just the opposite of what she intends.
Dahl deliberately refrains from quoting exactly what Patrick tells his wife when he
informs her that he wants a divorce, but the main reason must be that he is sick and
tired of their suffocating relationship.

Dahl did not want
to indicate, for example, that Patrick was having an affair with another woman. That
could be found out and would suggest a strong motive for Mary to have killed him. Dahl
characterizes Mary through her dialogue and actions, while at the same time illustrating
what it is about her that makes Patrick want to escape from her. She says such things
as:

"Tired,
darling?

"I'll get it!" she cried, jumping
up.

"Darling, shall I get your
slippers?"

"Darling," she said. "Would you like me to get
you some cheese?"

"But, darling, you must
eat!"

We like Mary better
after she stops being a doormat and plans the perfect crime.

when walking, why do cats walk diagonally across one's path both on a staircase and on level ground?

I don't believe anyone has done a scientific study on this
matter, but as the owner of three cats, I certainly do recognize the phenomenon you are
asking about!

Horses, deer, and other grazing animals
typically have eyes located on opposite sides of their skulls, an arrangement which
means that, while they have virtually no depth perception, they do have a very wide
field of view and can see almost all the way around themselves without having to move
their heads or roll their eyes to do so.

By contrast, cats
and other predator animals have their eyes located in the front of their skull like
humans do. This allows for good depth perception, which is essential for pouncing upon
or manipulating things. The trade off for good depth perception is a narrower field of
vision. Humans have a field of vision of about 180 degrees. Cats, because their eyes sit
farther forward in the sockets, can see a bit further to the sides, so their field of
vision is around 200 degrees. This means that there is a 160 degree field behind them
that they cannot see without moving their heads. Cats, like most hunters, tend to be
very attuned to what is going on around them. I believe they walk diagonally so they can
more easily keep track of what's happening behind them. Most house cats have learned the
hard way to watch out for human feet.

In "Dusk," what type of character does Norman Gortsby have?

The article on Saki in Wikipedia states: "Politically,
Munro was a Tory and somewhat reactionary in his views." It gives as a reference an
essay by Dominic Hibberd in the Oxford Dictionary of National
Biography. This helps clarify the meaning of the story "Dusk" and the
characterization of Norman Gortsby. The young con man who sits beside Gortsby on the
park bench and the elderly gentleman who "lost" the soap are "flat" characters. Only
Norman is a "round" character, and the story is about his learning experience.

Gortsby is not an educated gentleman but a naive young
clerical type who has probably been working all day in some office and is relaxing on a
park bench before going home. He is observing the "defeated" people who only come out in
the dusk. Gortsby thinks of them as

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Men and women, who had fought and lost, who hid
their fallen fortunes and dead hopes as far as possible from the scrutiiny of the
curious. . .

When the young
man sits beside him and tells his complicated story about losing his hotel, Gortsby
listens skeptically. It would appear that he has no intention of giving the stranger
money regardless of whether or not he is telling the truth. He says
bluntly:

"Of
course, the weak point of your story is that you can't produce the
soap."

The young man departs
muttering angrily, "I must have lost it." There is nothing sympathetic about this con
man. When he sits down

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As if to emphasize the fact that the world went
badly with him the new-comer unburdened himself of an angry and very audible expletive
as he flung himself into the
seat.

He is angry when he
sits down and angry when he leaves. And when Gortsby chases him down to give him a
sovereign and the cake of soap:

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He turned round sharply with an air of defensive
hostility when he found Gortsby hailing
him.

This young man wouldn't
give anybody a sovereign, or even a shilling. That is part of the
message.

Gortsby is portrayed as a young urbanite who
thinks himself sophisticated. He has no sympathy for any of the "defeated" people he
observes and none for the young man who sits down beside him. But then he finds the cake
of soap on the ground and he  feels ashamed of himself. He was in a bad mood and
naturally was regarding the people around him with a jaundiced attitude. He feels shame,
guilt, and remorse as he hurries to catch up with the young man. He is lending him the
money he needs because he wants to feel better about himself. He
wants to change, to atone, to be more humane, to be more
Christian.

Then when he passes by the bench where he had
been sitting and encounters the elderly gentleman looking for the cake of soap, Gortsby
realizes he has been a sucker. That is the point of Saki's story. Saki is a Tory and a
reactionary. As such, he feels that people should take care of themselves and that if
they can't, then they should perish. This is a dog-eat-dog world in which the species is
improved through survival of the fittest. That is the lesson Saki is teaching through
the painful learning experience of his viewpoint character Norman
Gortsby.

It seems possible that even the elderly gentleman
is a con man who left the cake of soap by the bench intending to come back and use it as
an excuse to start a conversatioin with Gortsby--but Gortsby had found the soap and had
chased after the other con man. This would suggest that Saki's thesis is that you can't
feel sorry for anybody and you can't trust anybody. Gortsby's experience dramatizes the
reactionary message.

Describe the fall of the Communist Bloc in Eastern Europe and especially in the Soviet Union.

The "communist bloc in eastern Europe" came into existence
after World War II as the Soviet Union expanded its sphere of influence into the
countries of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania.  This
expansion of communist governmental and economic philosophies was viewed as
self-protection by the Soviets and as unwarranted aggression by western Europe and its
allies. Over the years, incidents of intense conflict (the construction of the Berlin
Wall, the Cuban missile crisis) occurred, as did periods of comparatively peaceful
coexistence (partial nuclear test ban treaty in 1963, SALT I agreement banning
construction of new ballistic armaments).

As the 1980's
drew to a close, the Soviet Union was facing serious economic challenges within its own
country and was unable to continue sustaining the level of involvement and support it
had been providing to bloc allies. Soviet Prime Minister Mikhail Gorbachev began reform
movements ("perestroika," or reconstruction and "glastnost," or openness) "emphasizing
global interdependence and cooperation and the avoidance of force in the conduct of
foreign policy," with the goal of reviving the Soviet economy and helping the countries
of eastern Europe to find more support from the western world. He negotiated the end to
many of the Soviet Union's former efforts to test, build and maintain weapons arsenals
and put an end to the "Brezhnev Doctrine," which had been used to justify the use of
troops to keep communist governments in power in communist bloc countries. Once this
practice ended, communist bloc countries began to overthrow their communist governments
and broke away from the partnership with the Soviet Union. The varied republics within
the Soviet Union continued to rebellion from the centralized control of the past and
ended the USSR union in 1991, declaring themselves separate and independent
countries.

What is the role of NAD in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

Pyruvate is a three carbon molecule produced by the
splitting of glucose in the cytoplasm of a cell. Under aerobic conditions, the pyruvate
enters the mitochondria, where is it modified by a three-part enzyme complex known as
pyruvate dehydrogenase. The pyruvate is converted into the two carbon molecule called
acetyl Co-A by removal of one carbon, which is joined to an oxygen molecule to form a
molecule of carbon dioxide. The NAD+ receives a electron which is freed during this step
of the reaction, becoming NADH. (NAD+ has an H+ ion bound to it, which is where the
electron attaches, hence the name change from NAD to NADH - the H was there the whole
time.) The NADH then shuttles the electrons to the electron transport chain, where their
energy is harvested by the cell; the electrons eventually are used to reduce O2 to
create water. When the NADH gives the electron to the transport chain, it becomes NAD+
once again, and is reused; it may help you to think of NAD's role as that of a simple
transport vehicle.

In the book little women, who are the dynamic, static, round, & flat characters with evidence from the book. CANT FIND IT!i finished the book and...

First it's important to understand the definitions of
dynamic, static, round, and flat characters.  Let's look at that
first.

I usually tend to think of static characters and
flat characters as the same thing.  These are characters who don't change thoughout the
story.  If they're good at the beginning of the story, they are good at the end.  If
they are bad, at the beginning, they are bad at the end.  If they hold a certain idea at
the beginning, they still continue to hold that idea at the end of the book. This
doesn't mean that flat characters are not interesting, it just means that they are more
like a painting - always the same- rather than a movie -ever
changing.

In Little Women, some
examples of flat characters of static characters would be the girls' mother, Marmee. 
Marmee's ideas are thouroughly grounded and you don't see her being wishy-washy about
what she thinks and does.  Another example would be Professor
Bhaer.

Round or dynamic characters, on the other hand are
those characters whose opinions do change throughout the course of the novel or story. 
The characters change either by the experiences they have and what they have learned
from them.

Jo is a perfect example of a round or dynamic
character from this book (note: generally the main character will be a round or dynamic
character).  In the beginning of the novel, Jo is consumed with the romantic ideal.  She
wants to write stories about fantasy worlds and all that her imagination can think up.
Thoughout the novel though, she begins to realize that that type of writing is not as
valuable as writing about what life is really like.