How do selection pressure affect the isolated gene pool in terms of allele frequencies?

An isolated population is more likely to undergo
allopatric speciation. The isolated group may be under different environmental pressures
than its parent population, and over time an isolated group will be subject to random
mutations which will create unique attributes.

If the
isolated population is small in numbers, then it is subject to additional pressures. The
first of these is the founder effect. If the frequency of any allele is different
between the isolated group and the parent population at the time the isolation occurs,
then the isolated group experiences genetic changes from a different starting point than
the parent population, and is likely to follow a different path over time, resulting in
different allele frequencies.

Very small populations are
also prone to the bottleneck effect, which results in a loss of genetic diversity. Small
populations are also prone to inbreeding, which again may reduce the diversity of
alleles.

Can someone please explain this quote from "The Metamorphosis" and what it has to do with alienation?"Likewise the ash can and the garbage can from...

There is tremendous importance in this quote and the way
that it describes how the room where Gregor dwelled became used by the family as time
passed and as they took in lodgers. Note the full quote that is given in my translation
of this classic work:

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For this reason, many of the family's belongings
had become superfluous; but while they had not prospects of selling them, they did not
want to throw them out either. All these items wound up in Gregor's room--as did the ash
bucket and the garbage can from the kitchen. If anything was unusable at the moment, the
charwoman, who was always in a mad rush, would simpley toss it into Gregor's
room...

Clearly, Gregor's
room, and therefore Gregor, is associated with objects that the family now no longer
need and are "superfluous." As time goes by, Gregor is more and more alienated by the
attitude of his family as he becomes unnecessary to their lives and forgotten by them.
That these forgotten, unnecessary items are thrust into Gregor's room along with the
garbage is a strong indication of how Gregor is being treated. He is now nothing more
than a piece of detritus to the family, like an extra bit of furniture that has no
purpose or function and is thrust into a room and forgotten
about.

Describe Freud's view of development as progression through psychosexual stages. What are some major criticisms of this theory?

Freud believed that nearly all human behavior could be
understood as a function of human's innate pleasure-seeking tendency. He posited that
during different developmental phases, humans fixated on specific areas of the body in
order to derive pleasure. The first developmental phase was the oral stage, lasting from
birth to age 1. During this stage, a person derives pleasure from his mouth, through
suckling on his mother's breast. The second stage, called the anal stage, lasts from
ages 1 to 3. During this stage, people derive pleasure from learning to control and
master their bodily functions. Freud posited that healthy individuals are those who pass
through these stages successfully, without becoming stuck in any one of them. He
believed that people who become stuck ("fixated") in one particular stage would not be
able to achieve healthy social and sexual maturity.

This
developmental schema is subject to a number of critiques. Cultural anthropologists point
out that these stages represent a culturally relative timeline and thus can't be
universalized. For example, in some cultures, the weaning stage lasts up to 4 years old.
Cultural differences in child-rearing are not adequately addressed in the psychosexual
theory of development.

Many psychologists believe Freud's
theory to be over-simplified and reductionist. Young people and adults alike derive
pleasure from a number of sources: bodily, emotional, social and cognitive. It may not
be useful to attempt reducing all pleasure-seeking activity to a function of latent
sexuality.

Social psychologists also point to Freud's
normalization of heterosexual male sexuality as a limiting factor. According to the
psychosexual theory of development, those who do not adopt heterosxual, male-oriented
sexuality are mentally ill. Thus, Freud's theory limits our ability to recognize the
validity of different sexual identities and expressions.

How many local maxima and minima does the polynomial y=x^4-9x^2+7 have?

To determine the local extrema of a function, we'll have
to find out first if the function does have any critical
values.

The critical values are the roots of the first
derivative. We'll differentiate the given function with respect to x, to determine the
1st derivative of the function.

f'(x) = 4x^3 -
18x

Now, we'll cancel the 1st derivative to determine it's
zeroes:

4x^3 - 18x = 0

2x(2x^2
- 9) = 0

We'll cancel each
factor:

2x = 0 => x1 =
0

2x^2 - 9 = 0 => 2x^2 =
9

x^2 = 9/2

x2 =
3/sqrt2

x2 = 3sqrt2/2

x3 =
-3sqrt2/2

We'll determine the monotony of the function over
the intervals (-`oo`; -3sqrt2/2 ) ; (-3sqrt2/2 ; 0) ; (0;3sqrt2/2) ; (3sqrt2/2 ; `oo`
).

The function is decreasing over the interval (-`oo` ;
-3sqrt2/2) and then it increases over (-3sqrt2/2 ; 0), therefore the point f(-3sqrt2/2)
represents a minimum local point.

The function is
increasing over the interval ( -3sqrt2/2 ; 0) and then it decreases over (0 ; 3sqrt2/2
), therefore the point f(0) represents a maximum local
point.

The function is decreasing over the interval (0 ;
3sqrt2/2 ) and then it increases over (3sqrt2/2 ; `oo` ), therefore the point
f(3sqrt2/2) represents a minimum local
point.

Therefore, the local minima of the
function are represented by the values f(-3sqrt2/2) and f(3sqrt2/2) and the local maxima
is represented by the value f(0).

What level does Gilgamesh belong in Dante's Hell?I'd like to know where and why he belongs there.

The level to which one is committed to in Dante's Hell is
based upon the character of the person and how they lived their life. based upon the
characteristics of Gilgamesh, he could be placed in many different
levels.

First, Gilgamesh could be placed in either Dante's
Fifth Level of Hell or Seventh Level of Hell. In the forest journey, Gilgamesh is faced
with making a decision about ending Humbaba's life. Although Humbaba pleads with
Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh refuses to hear his pleas and takes the head of the giant. Based
upon these actions, Gilgamesh could be "sentenced" to either the fifth level (belonging
to the wrathful and gloomy) or the seventh level (belonging to the
violent).

Another level of Dante's Hell which one could
place Gilgamesh into is Level Six (heretics). Depending upon ones own religious
theology, the fact that Gilgamesh does not believe in God could insure his fate of
spending his afterlife in the level deemed for the unbeliever.

A circle has the circumference of 40 cm. What is the radius of the circle ?

The formula that gives the circumference of a circle
is:

Circumference = `pi` *2r, where r represents the radius
of th circle.

We'll replace the known values within the
formula of circumference:

40 = `pi`
*2r

r = 40/2`pi`

r =
20/`pi`

We'll take `pi` =
3.14

r = 20/3.14

r = 6.36
cm

The requested radius of the circle is of
6.36 cm.

Chapter 3: What feelings does Jack get when he hunts?Lord of the Flies by William Golding

In Chapter Three, the emergence of the savage nature of
Jack becomes apparent. As Jack sniffs the undergrowth and humid earth, he seeks like an
animal the feral pigs that roam the island.  When a roused bird screams, he shrinks at
the cry "with a hiss of indrawn breath."  He crounches and becomes little more than "a
furtive thing, ape-like among the tangle of trees." Clearly, Jack is reverting in his
behavior to a primitive creature as he pushes his way through the forest and nears the
lagoon where Ralph stands by a shakily-built shelter, the other is
dilapidated. 

When Ralph remarks that the other hunters
have already returned, Jack tries to explain his compulsion to track down and kill, a
compulsion "that was swallowing him up."  And, there is a "madness" in his eyes as he
speaks.  "I thought I might kill."  Clearly Jack has become consumed with the primitive
excitement of hunting and killing; he is quickly regressing into a savage, rather than
the civilized boy that he was back home. He talks of putting a barb on his spear to more
easily snare the pig when he casts his spear.  However, when Ralph tells him that the
lill'uns are frightened at night and, therefore, shelters need to be built, Jack
confesses his uneasiness in the forest, saying that he sometimes feels as though
something is behind him in the jungle. "Of course there's nothing to it," he adds when
Ralph looks at him.  "Only I know how they feel. See?  That's all," he excuses his
weakness.   Then, when Ralph mentions getting rescued, Jack "had to think for a moment
before he could remember what rescue was" because he has regressed so far in his mind
from civilization.

By comparing the novel, The Killer Angels, to the movie, Gettysburg, how did Hollywood take a fictional novel and change it?

There is little documentation to the thoughts of the main
characters  during the days leading up to the Battle of Gettysburg, so author Michael
Shaara fictionalized this aspect of his Pulitzer Prize-winnning novel. As for the film
version of Gettysburg, the screenplay actually maintains most of
the characters, dialogue and scenes found in The Killer Angels.
Much of the dialogue, particularly several of Chamberlain's speeches, are word-for-word
from the book. Though the end result of the movie was a far cry from the outstanding
novel from which it originated, the film did maintain the general tone and feel
of Shaara's book. My biggest complaint about the film was the casting of Martin Sheen as
Robert E. Lee and the terrible, fake beards worn by many of the characters, particularly
that of Tom Berenger, who played James Longstreet. 

What inference can you draw from the pearl buyers appearing as a group, with only one physically described?The Pearl by John Steinbeck

As a socialist, John Steinbeck was very concerned with
class struggles; and, Kino's encounter with the pearl buyers is most illustrative of the
oppression of the wealthy.  Described much as a corporation is today, "there was only
one pearl buyer with many hands," so the representative who talks with Kino is not the
real buyer, but merely his representative.  With this monopoly on pearl buying,
Kino must go to perhaps to the capital city in order to find another offer.  For, the
representatives are in collusion with one another, each saying that the Pearl of the
World is merely a curiosity, valueless because it is too large.  But, when Kino snatches
back the pearl in anger, they know that they have "played too
hard."

While the town of LaPaz is fictionalized, the
practice of the one pearl buyer "with many hands" is characteristic of the power of
monopolies that easily manipulate and subjugate people.  Kino has no choice but to deal
with the representatives as long as he is in LaPaz.  This is why he declares that he
will go to the capital in Chapter IV of The
Pearl. 

In Matthew Arnolds poem, Dover Beach, what does the speaker have in common with Sophocles?

I think that Arnold mentions Sophocles because he was an
ancient playwright who understood the tragedies of the characters in his plays much like
the speaker understands the tragedy of the loss of religious faith. Both Sophocles and
the speaker are deep thinkers who can all too clearly see the problems around them and
seek solace from them in either love or art.

In general the
poem is a very Victorian one which is concerned with the withdrawing of religious faith
in Britain with the advent of modern science. Britain is being compared to Greece with
the speaker imagining Sophocles gazing out to sea thinking, much as he is himself.
 

In Lord Jim, where is there an example of stream-of-consciousness?

Lord Jim is written with two distinct
narration styles; the first four chapters are narrated by an omniscient third-person,
not a character but the faceless voice that describes event. From the fifth chapter on,
the narrator is Marlow, who appears in other works by the same author. Marlow is given
to moments of introspection and philosophizing, and so his narration contains many
stream-of-consciousness moments.

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"And it's easy enough to talk of Master Jim,
after a good spread, two hundred feet above the sea-level, with a box of decent cigars
handy, on a blessed evening of freshness and starlight that would make the
best of us forget we are only on sufferance here and got to pick our way
in cross lights, watching every precious minute and every irremediable
step, trusting we shall manage yet to go out decently in the end -- but not so sure of
it after all -- and with dashed little help to expect from those we touch
elbows with right and left."
(Conrad, Lord Jim,
gutenberg.org)

Seen in the
above excerpt are standard examples of this writing style; Marlow, speaking to a group
of men, goes off on tangents about the meaning of life and its value. He does not stick
to the straightforward story of Lord Jim's life, but instead takes the opportunity to
explain some of his own personal philosophy. This is similar to Marlow's narration in
Heart of Darkness, but on a much larger scale; where the earlier
novella had a strict three-part format and a short narrative, here Marlow has many
chapters to ramble. The result is a story that is partially hidden by the subjective
views of the narrator; some of the conclusions and judgements reached by the reader are
bound to be affected by Marlow's own views. However, as it stands, Lord
Jim is one of the best examples of the emerging Modernist style in the early
1900s.

What is a good theme statement for the Lord of The Flies?(evidence to support it)no cliches please>>:)

A good theme statement for Lord of the Flies would be as
follows: innocence is an illusion and human nature tends toward evil.  Children are
thought to be innocent and good, but when the kids from the novel are stranded, they end
up tormenting and murdering each other.  While they start out in an organized way, the
ever important power struggle erupts between the two leaders (Ralph and Jack) and then
quickly effects all the other boys.

Readers must remember
that Golding wrote LOTF in response to horrible things that he had experienced in the
Navy during WWII. Golding's novel serves as a harsh commentary on the weakness of
humanity and the rotting effect of power.  Golding's young characters crash land on a
virtual garden of Eden, but by the time they leave they have turned the island into a
gutted, flaming Hell.

What is a possible theme statement for the novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding?

William Golding's Lord of the Flies
is a symbolic novel. It is set on an uninhabited tropical island, so immediately Golding
has made the world of this novel a microcosm (small world) for something bigger. In
other words, what happens on this small island is a picture of what is happening in the
rest of the world on a larger scale. 

The characters of
this novel are English schoolboys who are the sole survivors of a plane crash. These
characters are all young (and therefore closer to innocence) and presumably well
disciplined (as proven by Jack and his choir boys); they are not hooligans who are
accustomed to causing trouble. These boys know how to follow rules and obey authority,
qualities which should keep them "civilized" longer than
most.

What happens throughout the novel, though, is that
these civilized boys quickly divest themselves of their uniforms and their respect for
the authority they elected (Ralph). Soon--much, much too soon for a group of disciplined
children--things on the island turn into a fight for survival. Golding refers to the
boys as savages, and their behavior fits his
description.

Simon and Piggy are murdered, and Ralph is the
next to be targeted. If help, in the form of a naval commander, does not arrive, Ralph
would not survive. In the final chapters, it is clear that there is someone even more
inclined to savagery than Jack; if the boys are not rescued, Roger would probably have
established a horrific reign of cruelty and death.

While
there are many potential sub-themes to this novel, Golding is clearly making the
statement that human nature, without the restraints of civilization or authority, will
devolve into savagery. Rather than being elevated by freedom, human nature becomes more
base and evil. Every character and every movement of the plot serve to advance this
theme, and the fact that is a microcosm suggests Golding's view that this is a universal
truth.

What does Friedman's work teach about geography in Hot, Flat, and Crowded: Why We Need a Green Revolution?

One of the most interesting elements out of Friedman's
work is its recasting of geography.  The idea of geography used to encompass vast
distances of worlds that are not known.  There was a sense of the separate that
encompassed geographic study.  "X was here" and "We are there."  However, Friedman
recasts this in a variety of ways.  Initially, because of the vast progression of
information technology and the massive proliferation of technological contact between
people, there is a growing interconnectedness between people and nations.  Geography is
being seen as a more "closely" defined realm, whereby distance is not the focal point,
but rather the togetherness that is shared.  Geographic distances are now only seen as a
source of amazement as to how our world is actually smaller.  Borders are only made to
be overcome.  At the same time, geography has changed in emphasizing the interdependence
that is present.  In emphasizing how connected all individuals really are, Friedman
makes the point that geography has to focus on how destruction of resources in one area
of the overcrowded world impacts others nearby.  In this recasting of geography,
closeness over distance is emphasized.

In Book 3 of the Iliad, where is the duel fought?

In Book 3, there is a duel between Alexandros (also known
as Paris) and Menelaos.  The duel happens in an area in the open space between the
armies of the Trojans and the Achaians.

At the beginning of
Book 3, the two armies are about to fight a battle.  As they march rapidly towards one
another, Paris comes out of the Trojan side as their champion to challenge any Achaian
to a duel.  Menelaos accepts the challenge.  After some negotiations between the leaders
of the two sides, a space is measured out and the two men fight in that area between the
two armies.

What is derivative of f(x)=ln(x^3+1)?

Since the function f(x) is a result of composing two
functions, w'ell have to use the chain rule to find out the derivative of
f(x).

f(x) = u(v(x))

f'(x) =
u'(v(x))*v'(x)

Let u(v(x)) = ln(`x^(3)`+ 1 ) and v(x) =
`x^(3)` + 1

f'(x) = [ln(`x^(3)` + 1)]'*(`x^(3)` +
1)'

f'(x) = [1/(`x^(3)` + 1)]*(3`x^(2)`
)

The requested derivative of the given
function is f'(x) = 3`x^(2)` /(`x^(3)` + 1).

What are the dangers of high protein and low carbohydrate diet to young active sportsperson.

High protein diets carry a number of risks, especially to
someone who is still growing. One serious risk is kidney damage. High protein
consumption causes an increase in pressure in the glomeruli of the kidneys, which can
cause kidney stones and chronic kidney disease. Proteins are also typically low in
fiber, and fiber is known to be important to the health of the digestive tract as a
cancer preventative. The digestion of protein creates a need for pH buffering in the
blood, which causes the body to pull calcium from the bones; excess protein consumption,
particularly during a growth spurt, could lead to prematurely weakened
bones.

Another important thing to note is that not all
proteins are alike. Many animal based proteins add saturated fats to the diet. Processed
meats such as cold cuts have many preservatives and may present a cancer risk. Many
brands of protein powder sold specifically for bodybuilders have recently been shown by
Consumer Reports to be contaminated with dangerous amounts of heavy metals such as
cadmium and lead.  For young athletes, as for everyone else, the safest and best diet is
one with a good variety and a balance among the food groups.

In Chapter 10 of Lord of the Flies, why does Ralph continue to dream about home and the bus station as comforting thoughts to him?William...

While Jack holds court with Roger and the others and
frightens them with the threat of the beast returning, Ralph and Piggy are down on the
beach lighting a fire with Piggy's glasses.  Ralph wants them to gather firewood so they
will have a comforting "hearth" through the night.  However, the task is too difficult
as Piggy will have an asthma attack if he "pulls logs." Same and Eric grow weary, so
Ralph abandons the idea.  As they gather in the shaky shelter, Ralph feels "defenseless
with the darkness pressing in."  Settling down, Ralph begins his nightly "game of
supposing" that they could be flown home by a jet and land in Wiltshire where they would
go by car, then train all the way to Devon.  Ralph ponders a safe town that is "tamed"
where no savagery exists.  "What could be safer than the bus center with its lamps and
wheels?"

Suddenly, he awakens as Sam and Eric are fighting
each other in their fear.  Piggy remarks, "If we don't get home soon we'll be barmy." 
Ralph agrees, saying "Round the bend," which means crazy.  Clearly, Ralph and Piggy both
want a return to their old life, lit by electric builbs like the bus center, and fires;
a life that is safe and warm, a life that is civilized.

How does Pip's relationship with Jaggers change when Pip comes of age?Great Expectations by Charles Dickens When Pip turns twenty one and...

On his twenty-first birthday, Pip is summoned to Little
Britain to meet with his guardian, Mr. Jaggers, who congratulates him on becoming a man,
"I must call you Mr. Pip today."  Mr. Jaggers asks Pip how much money he calculates that
he spends; Pip answers that he does not know.  When Mr. Jaggers asks Pip if he has
anything to inquire of him, Pip wonders about his benefactor's identity, and if he has
anything to receive.  At this point, Jaggers hands Pip a five hundred pound note, and
tells him that he will receive this per year until his benefactor arrives. 
Mr. Jaggers then informs Pip that he no longer is the agent for Pip's
benefactor.

He also is circumspect about the
identity of Pip's benefactor.  But after Pip persists in his
asking, 

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“Come!” said Mr. Jaggers, warming the backs of
his legs with the backs of his warmed hands, “I'll be plain with you, my friend Pip.
That's a question I must not be asked. You'll understand that, better, when I tell you
it's a question that might compromise me. Come! I'll go a little
further with you; I'll say something
more.”

He then tells Pip that
when that person discloses him/herself, that will be the end of his business with Pip.
"And that's all I have got to say!"  Pip, then, departs with his yearly income and yet
no knowledge of who his benefactor is.

How do the characteristics of Rev. John Hale and Rev. Samuel Parris differ in Act III specifically?

Act III reveals some basic differences in both Reverends. 
Hale is shown to be one who begins to questions what is happening in Salem.  When he
explains to Danforth how he possesses ambivalence about signing Rebecca Nurse's death
sentence as well as how he begins to openly object to how Abigail and the girls are
manipulating their ability to lauch accusations, there is a revelation of how Hale is
losing faith in the Salem justice system.  This is in fairly stark opposition to
Parris.  As Hale's doubt increases, Parris' zeal also increases.  He is of the mindset
that any questioning of the process results in a questioning of his own position,
helping to explain his own sense of certainty in the system.  At the same time, Parris
begins to see that Proctor's motivations are divergent, and in the midst of his moral
and ethical anguish, there lies an opportunity to silence one of Parris' most vociferous
critics once and for all.  Parris recognizes this and starts to increase the poison in
the trials and in the Act, itself, in order to consolidate his own power and strengthen
his own position.  Whereas Parris sees a self- serving opportunity present, Hale sees
hypocrisy evident, and this helps to explain why both Reverends proceed in different
directions and trajectories in Act III.

How does the fact that writing systems developed differently in Eurasia than other continents fit into the thesis of Guns, Germs, and Steel?

Diamond argues that Eurasian countries had much more
widespread writing.  These countries had literate bureaucracies and generally had a
significant portion of the general population that was literate.  This meant that
writing allowed these societies to advance more than others in terms of political
structure, economics, technology, and other things.

This
fits well with Diamond's thesis because it shows the importance of having discovered
writing early.  Societies that did so were able to spread writing among their population
and really use it to make themselves more powerful.  This allowed them to use writing to
help dominate other countries that did not become literate as
soon.

Diamond's major thesis is that the earlier adopters
of technology (chosen by geographical factors) were the lucky ones.  These were the
societies that became powerful and dominated the others.  Writing was one of these
technologies whose early adoption helped make Eurasian societies
dominant.

How did the development of atomic technology affect life in the United States?

I assume that you are asking about the time when atomic
technology was relatively new.  This was the time during the early parts of the Cold
War.  During this time, the main impact of atomic technology was to make life seem
precarious and to make Americans feel threatened with possible nuclear
war.

During the early parts of the Cold War, there was a
great deal of fear of nuclear war.  Americans were taught how to "duck and cover" in
school.  Many Americans had fallout shelters in their back yards.  There was a pervasive
sense that atomic technology might lead to destruction.  This made Americans feel that
their lives were less secure than they had been in the days before atomic technology had
been developed.