What is the role of NAD in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

Pyruvate is a three carbon molecule produced by the
splitting of glucose in the cytoplasm of a cell. Under aerobic conditions, the pyruvate
enters the mitochondria, where is it modified by a three-part enzyme complex known as
pyruvate dehydrogenase. The pyruvate is converted into the two carbon molecule called
acetyl Co-A by removal of one carbon, which is joined to an oxygen molecule to form a
molecule of carbon dioxide. The NAD+ receives a electron which is freed during this step
of the reaction, becoming NADH. (NAD+ has an H+ ion bound to it, which is where the
electron attaches, hence the name change from NAD to NADH - the H was there the whole
time.) The NADH then shuttles the electrons to the electron transport chain, where their
energy is harvested by the cell; the electrons eventually are used to reduce O2 to
create water. When the NADH gives the electron to the transport chain, it becomes NAD+
once again, and is reused; it may help you to think of NAD's role as that of a simple
transport vehicle.

In the book little women, who are the dynamic, static, round, & flat characters with evidence from the book. CANT FIND IT!i finished the book and...

First it's important to understand the definitions of
dynamic, static, round, and flat characters.  Let's look at that
first.

I usually tend to think of static characters and
flat characters as the same thing.  These are characters who don't change thoughout the
story.  If they're good at the beginning of the story, they are good at the end.  If
they are bad, at the beginning, they are bad at the end.  If they hold a certain idea at
the beginning, they still continue to hold that idea at the end of the book. This
doesn't mean that flat characters are not interesting, it just means that they are more
like a painting - always the same- rather than a movie -ever
changing.

In Little Women, some
examples of flat characters of static characters would be the girls' mother, Marmee. 
Marmee's ideas are thouroughly grounded and you don't see her being wishy-washy about
what she thinks and does.  Another example would be Professor
Bhaer.

Round or dynamic characters, on the other hand are
those characters whose opinions do change throughout the course of the novel or story. 
The characters change either by the experiences they have and what they have learned
from them.

Jo is a perfect example of a round or dynamic
character from this book (note: generally the main character will be a round or dynamic
character).  In the beginning of the novel, Jo is consumed with the romantic ideal.  She
wants to write stories about fantasy worlds and all that her imagination can think up.
Thoughout the novel though, she begins to realize that that type of writing is not as
valuable as writing about what life is really like.

Are there any examples of onomatopoeia in The Wednesday Wars by Gary Schmidt?

Onomatopoeia is literary device in which a word sounds
like what it means. For example, pop, hiss,
and sizzle are all words that sound like what they mean. Holling
Hoodhood is the narrator of The Wednesday Wars by Gary Schmidt, and
he is a rather dramatic seventh-grader. Because of that, he is a lively storyteller and
uses vivid language throughout the entire novel. In fact, it was quite easy to locate at
least five examples of onomatopoeia.

• Every time
  we hear about Sycorax and Caliban, Holling describes them as “clacking their yellow
  teeth.” (Obviously, this is a sound which rather freaked Holling
  out.)


• Once the rats escape their cages, Holling says, "We
  heard heavy pattering across the asbestos ceiling tiles." Pattering
  is just the right onomatopoetic word, as we can imagine the muffled sounds of their feet
  pattering above us as the creatures scurry across the
  ceiling.


• In the Perfect Room of the Perfect House
  (Holling's house), he describes a "roaring fire." We know this is onomatopoeia because
  we know this is different than, say, a sputtering fire or a
  crackling fire. This fire is going full blast, and it sounds like
  it is roaring.


• When Holling has a chance to get a little
  revenge on Doug Sweiteck's brother by throwing a snowball at him, he describes it this
  way: "His face turns toward me at the last moment, and the snow-ice-slush-spitball
  splatters against his nose." Splatters, of course, is the example
  of onomatopoeia.


• After he threw the snowball, Holling
  says, "I went back to Mrs. Baker’s classroom and sat down squishily." No explanation
  necessary.

These few instances tell you that
Holling likes to use lively and expressive language to convey his story through each of
his senses. Onomatopoeia is an example of just that kind of
language.

Why do Sampson and Gregory fight with Montague's men in Act 1, Scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet

The quarrel in Act I scene I starts, initially, because
Samson decides to “bite his thumb” at Abram; this gesture is synonymous to the middle
finger.   The Capulets have drawn their weapons are waiting for the Montagues to make
the first move.  Sampson says to Gregory, “Nay, as they dare.   I will bite my thumb at
them, which is disgrace to them if they bear it”(1.1.44-45).   By insulting the
Montagues, Sampson hopes to provoke them into a fight which would allow him to later say
the Montagues intiated the brawl.   The examination of the servants at the beginning of
the play provides the reader the feeling that this “ancient grudge” exists throughout
each family’s household – from top to bottom.

What is the influence of Western culture on Indian culture?

I would say that one part of the answer to this question
would be the growth of information technology.  The ease with which information is
shared across the world through the web, Skype, Twitter, and Facebook have helped to
make the absorption of different cultures a distinct part of reality in the modern
setting.  Indian culture and Western culture have embraced a sort of cultural exchange
with one another, whereby both have absorbed aspects of
each.

Indian culture has seen the emergence of Western
fashion and Western brands infiltrating so much of the culture.  Western brands like
Coca- Cola, Pepsi, Mountain Dew, KFC, and McDonalds have become a part of the Indian
fabric.  They have become appropriated so much that these brands do not seem "Western,"
but rather something a part of the Indian fabric of society.  The growth of music
channels that follow the MTV mode of broadcasting, as well as Bollywood films
paralleling Western films are increasingly evident.  Even some of the issues that used
to be seen as "taboo" such as sex, women's hygiene, and communication between couples
are disappearing.  Now, condoms can be purchased in full view, without the "stigma" that
used to be there.  Women's hygiene products are openly advertised, in comparison to the
times when a woman had to sheepishly approach a shop owner for "pads" and was given them
in a brown, non-descript bag. The nation's first lesbian couple married and sought
protection from the police, which they received, when they received death threats from
their family.  This is a reflection of the West.   When US Secretary of State Hillary
Clinton shakes hands with Congress leader Sonia Gandhi, it is a reflection of how both
cultures have come to understand that women in the role of political leadership is a
part of both nation's historical footprint on the world.   These are conditions whereby
Indian culture and been influenced by the West.  The transfer of information, the global
reach of job markets across both cultures, and the basic idea that cultural transfer and
exchange is much easier in the globalized setting has helped to leave an indelible
Western footprint on much of the urban setting of
India.

However, there is another side to this story.  I
think that a great many of these social changes are only directed at the urban setting
of India.  Majority of the nation is in a rural context.  In these areas, there seems to
be little permeation of Western thoughts from abroad.  Western culture does not stop the
threats of "honor killings" of the lesbian couple.  There are many areas in India where
the concept of a woman continuing her education when reaching "marrying age" is simply
unacceptable, as is a woman working.  Certainly, Western culture is evident in the fact
that nearly everyone, urban or rural, owns at least one, if not more, cell phones. 
Satellite dishes are everywhere, even hanging on homes made of thatch.  The question
will be how the influence of the West will be felt all over India, and for this, I think
that an indigenous approach is needed.  For villages and rural settings where there has
been an intense reverence for their own traditions as long as time has passed, the
adoption of Western ideas and approaches will have to come from within.  Certainly, as
globalization takes greater hold of Indian culture, the need to address how all of India
can advance, and how to avoid a "digital divide" is going to be
essential.

How significant and relevant are the symbols are in A Christmas Carol today?

The symbolism brought into A Christmas Carol
by the three Spirits is quite as relevant and significant today as it was
when the story was written.

The Spirit of Christmas Past
takes Scrooge back into his own history, where Scrooge recognizes the simple joys and
deep pleasures brought by people and relationships from his youth, and realizes that he
has not allowed those same gifts to be given to others in his present
life.

He has
the power to render us happy or unhappy; to make our service light or burdensome; a
pleasure or a toil...I should like to be able to say a word or two to my clerk just
now.

In the same manner, the
Spirits of Christmas Present and of Christmas Yet to Come show Scrooge scenes
illustrating how his actions and attitudes impact himself and those around
him.

While the specifics have changed over the years, the
basic themes are the same now as when Dickens wrote the story. No one person has the
ability to judge the actions and worth of others; all should be involved in caring for
and supporting the people surrounding them.

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It may be that in the sight of Heaven you are
more worthless and less fit to live than millions like this poor man's child. O God! to
hear the Insect on the leaf pronouncing on the too much life among his hungry brothers
in the dust!

Why is energy lost as it moves from producers to primary consumers?

Each consumer is consuming for a number of reasons, only
one of them being physical growth. Calories consumed are turned into body heat, healing,
reproduction, and motion, all of which are necessary life processes, but none of which
retain captured calories in the food chain. An animal must expend calories in order to
obtain food. Those expended calories are not available to be eaten by members of the
next trophic level, so they in essence leave the food
chain.

Ecologists estimate that plants, at the base of most
food chains, convert only about 1% of the sunlight they receive into plant material
which is then available as food. For animals, an average of about 10% of the energy a
creature consumes is retained as additional body mass, which is the only thing that can
be passed up the food chain to the next trophic
level.

Foraging efficiency is the term for how animals
maximize calorie intake versus calories burned to attain food; it is a very interesting
ecological topic. Check out the link below for an example of how it works in a grazing
species, the bighorn sheep of western North America.