How can I prove that my landlord did not provide a copy of my lease to me so that I can move out prior to the end of it?when i first moved in i...

It is nearly impossible to prove that something did not
happen, and certainly, you will never allow yourself to be in this kind of situation
again.  Breaking a lease can be difficult to do, no matter what state you live in, but I
can offer you a few suggestions on how you might be able to leave prior to lease
end.

First, your landlord's primary objective is
maintaining a stream of income for the unit.  If you are able to find a substitute,
someone with good references and good credit, it is possible that he will release you
from your lease.  This is something you want to approach politely and maturely, because
he will be doing you the favor.

Second, if there is
anything serious wrong in your apartment, for example, bug infestations, roof leaks, or
faulty plumbing, this is likely to be in violation of Health Department standards.  You
might be able to negotiate a settlement with the landlord not to report problems in
exchange for being released from the lease.

In either case,
if you are released from the lease, be sure to get something in writing that shows you
are released from the lease, so that the landlord does not go to the magistrate once you
move and sue you for the balance of the lease.

Good
luck!

What can I say in an essay on the elements and sources of news: "NEWS: Elements and Sources"?

First, you should split your essay into two parts.  These
should be the elements of news as one section and the sources of news as the other.  A
good source for things like this is Lance Bennett's News: The Politics of
Illusion.

Within elements of news, you might
want to talk about the inherent bias of the news in favor of reporting things that are
easily understood and that have a good story line.  For example, political news tends to
focus on who won and who lost in various incidents (like the current discussion over the
debt ceiling) rather than on the actual merits of the various proposals.  This is
because people understand conflict and the idea of who won and who lost makes for a good
story with a beginning, middle, and end.

As far as sources,
one of the most important facts about this is that journalists tend to rely on official
sources.  These are the most (allegedly) credible source of news and journalists need
access to officials so that they can get news.  This reliance on official sources leads
to a bias in favor of official versions of the news.

Why aren't the letters on a computer keyboard arranged in alphabetical order?

The basic answer to this is that the QWERTY keyboard
layout was devised because of the typewriter technology of the time.  This layout was
meant to prevent the typewriter's "typebars" from jamming
together.

Old time typewriters were made with each letter
on the end of a little arm that would fly up when you hit the key.  The arm would fly up
and hit an inked ribbon, making an impression of the letter on the paper.  If two keys
right next to each other were pressed at the same time, the typebars would both fly up
and stick together.

The QWERTY layout was adopted so that
letters that were commonly used would be far apart on the keyboard.  That way there
would be less chance of two adjacent keys being pressed at the same time and causing a
jam.

What makes the mechanical hound "hone" in on its target in Fahrenheit 451?

If we look at when the mechanical hound is first
introduced in the novel, we are given the answer to your question. The mechanical hound
can be set to focus on targets based on their amino acids, sulphur, butterfat and
alkaline. Note how Beatty presents the mechanical hound when Montag enters work and
tells him that he thinks the mechanical hound doesn't like
him:

Come off
it. It doesn't like or dislike. It just "functions." It's like a lesson in ballistics.
It has a trajectory we decide on for it. It follows through. It targets itself, homes
itself, and cuts off. It's only copper wire, storage batteries, and
electricity.

Thus we can see
that the hound hones in on the target it is given by the fire service based on the
target's personal levels of amino acids and other chemicals, supposedly producing an
efficient and swift way of killing any undesirables. The hound is thus presented as a
ruthless and deadly machine that is also safe to the public as it "sniffs out" its
victim and despatches it quickly.

Simplify the fraction (1/(3+x)-1/3)/x?

First, we'll perform the subtraction from numerator. To
subtract the given fractions they must have the same
denominator.

1/(3+x) - 1/3 = [3 -
(3+x)]/3(3+x)

We'll remove the
brackets:

1/(3+x) - 1/3 =
(3-3-x)/3(3+x)

1/(3+x) - 1/3 =
-x/3(3+x)

Now, we'll re-write the
fraction:

[1/(3+x) - 1/3]/x =
-x/3x(3+x)

We'll simplify and we'll
get:

[1/(3+x) - 1/3]/x = -1/(9 +
3x)

The simplified fraction is -1/(9 +
3x).

Quote a sentence or two from The Prince that best summarizes the entire work.

There are many quotes that can be identified to bring out
Macchiavell's element of pragmatism that he says must govern those who govern.  Some of
them reflect a very cynical value set, while others were uttered then and seen now as
political expediency.  This one reflects such an idea from Chapter
III:

The
injury therefore that you do to a man should be such that you need not fear his
revenge.

I find this idea to
reflect Macchievelli's fundamental theme that politics is power and that the need to
control and be dominant is the purpose of such a game.  The idea of "finishing the job"
is something that Macchiavelli suggests is the fundamental secret to good leadership. 
Individuals who fail  to recognize politics as a fundamental game of power are doomed to
fail in it.  When the political leader has to exert injury on an individual or make a
point, Macchiavelli says that force and purpose have to be involved.  Nothing should be
done in half measures.

Naturally, I think thart the
relationship that a leader has with the people is of vital importance to the work. 
Here, too, politics is revealed as one of perception, almost a game of "smoke and
mirrors" in which the leader has to be in control:

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For, besides what has been said, it should be
borne in mind that the temper of the multitude is fickle, and that while it is easy to
persuade them of a thing, it is hard to fix them in that
persuasion.

The
idea that the public is "fickle," something that can be manipulated has become a staple
of both the work and of political leadership, in general.  Macchiavelli does believe
that individuals can be molded, and public opinion can be designed to ensure political
obedience and political credibility.  In this, Macchiavelli proves ahead of the curve in
his assertion of the need to "spin" what it out there for one's own political
benefit.

The final quote I selected is the age old problem
of being feared or being loved.  If the leader has to choose between both, which path
should be taken:

And here comes in the question
whether it is better to be loved rather than feared, or feared rather than loved. It
might perhaps be answered that we should wish to be both; but since love and fear can
hardly exist together, if we must choose between them, it is far safer to be feared than
loved.

No quote brings out the awful cynicism in
Macchiavelli than this one.  In this notion, politics is not one of the Athenian
community or the collaboration of the Roman senate.  It is a reality where one seeks to
be respected moreover, where fear is the political impetus and love or devotion comes
secondary.  It is one where control is the most important element of a political
consciousness.  It is one that is derided from the outside, until one has power, at
which point it becomes revered.

Using a quote from the poem, what is the literal meaning and metaphorical meaning of the quote?In the poem The road not taken, by robert frost

"Two roads diverged in a wood, and
I--

I took the one less traveled
by,

And that has made all the
difference."

This is probably one of the most often quoted
pieces of the Frost poem, but I think it's also best suited for your question.  The
literal meaning of the passage is that Frost is at a fork in the road.  He can go down
the path that looks worn and well-used, or he can follow the path that is a bit
overgrown and seemingly less used.  He knows that the well-worn path probably leads
somewhere, but he's not sure where the overgrown path might lead.  He's literally
deciding which way to go.

Metaphorically, however, the
roads represent paths in life.  Sometimes we come to a place in life where we need to
make a choice.  We can't know the eventual outcome, no matter how far down a path we can
see, because we can never see to the end unless we venture down that path.  I think
Frost is implying that this fork in the road is a decision.  He can choose the decision
that is most often chosen by others, thereby allowing him to see the final outcome
somewhat better, or he can make a less popular choice and hope for the best.  With the
less popular choice, he can't know as much about how things might turn
out.

As an example, think of choosing a major in college.
 You can choose a business major, and you will probably go on to make a nice salary in a
corporate environment as many business majors have before you.  This is the more trodden
road.  OR, if you are in love with crafting jewelry, you can take the less popular road
and major in crafts or jewelry-making.  You don't have as much certainty down that
path--you could go on to become the next Tacori, or end up broke and subsisting off of
Ramen.  You will never know until you venture down the path.