In a brief but helpful essay on “The Augustans” (published
in Webster’s New World Companion to English and American
Literature, edited by Arthur Pollard [New York: Popular Library, 1976]), A.
W. Bower outlines a number of characteristics of the “Augustan” verse written in the
closing years of the seventeenth century and the early years of the eighteenth. A
number of these traits appear in Alexander Pope’s “Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot,” including
the following:
- an emphasis on the
virtues of “reason” (Bower 22): This trait is already implied by the
implied condemnation of passion in lines
5-6:
Fire in each eye, and papers in each
hand,
They rave, recite, and madden round the
land.
- a
tendency to see England as a “counterpart of the Roman state under the Emperor Augustus”
(Bower 21): This trait is apparent, for instance, in Pope’s allusions to
Roman culture and myths, such as the reference to the “Dog Star” in line 3 or the
reference to a “chariot” in line
10.
In addition, the poem is an
example of Augustan satire for the following reasons as
well:
- its use of invented names
(such as “Cornus” in line 25 or “Pitholeon” in line
51). - its use of couplets and a generally
iambic meter (throughout). - a
professed commitment to virtue (as when the speaker describes himself as
a person “Who can’t be silent, and who will not lie” [line
34]). - a professed commitment to urbane
decorum (as when the speaker, presented with examples of bad poetry, says
“To laugh were want of goodness and of grace”
[35]). - a tendency to echo Roman writers,
particularly Horace (as in line
40). - a tendency to refer to the names and
actions of actual persons (such as the reference to “Curll” in line 53
and the reference to “Lintot” in line
61). - allusions to classical literature in
general (as in the reference to King Midas in line 69).
- a tendency to mock
contemporary political personalities (as in the allusions to King George
II, Queen Caroline, and one of their ministers in lines
71-72).
These and various other traits help to
make Pope’s poem a typical example of Augustan satire.
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