Why are the Gassey outer planets able to hold larger quantities of gas than terrestrial planets?

Well, the short answer to your question is that they are
far from the sun.

According to the core-accretion model, in
the primordial disk of material that eventually became the planets, gasses and lighter
materials farther from the sun froze and stayed available for planet-building, while
lighter materials nearer the center of the disk boiled off into space. This allowed the
planets that were forming farther out to accumulate large amounts of materials quickly,
thus increasing in gravity. The outer planets (more than 5 Astronomical Units from the
center) then were able, due to this large gravity, to pull in large amounts of gases
from nearby space.

Once these planets were formed, drag and
changes in angular momentum from passing other bodies nearby is believed by many
astronomers to have moved them even farther away from the sun. The distance from the sun
allowed the gases to cool, preventing the more volatile ones, such as Hydrogen and
Helium, from boiling off into space due to heat from the
sun.

Because of the immense gravity, much of the material
of the gas giants is believed to exist in the form of supercritical fluids rather than
actual gases.